Stopa incidence cervikalnog karcinoma u Srbiji je među najvišima u Evropi i iznosi 23,8 na 100000. Papanicolau test, dopunjen kolposkopijom i histologijom, osnovna je metoda sekundarne prevencije cervikalnog karcinoma. Cilj rada je bio ispitati histološko-citološku korelaciju i pouzdanost Papanicolau testa u detekciji cervikalnih lezija. Analizirani su cervikalni razmazi (Papanicolau test) kod 3868 žena. Suspektne nalaze imalo je 190 žena i kod njih je urađena cervikalna biopsija. Kod 77 žena detektovane su premaligne ili maligne promene na cerviksu. LSIL (CIN1) je imalo 43(22,6%), HSIL(CIN2/3) 25(13,2%), a planocelularni karcinom 9 (4,7%) žena. Između histološkog i citološkog nalaza ispitanica postoji statistički značajna pozitivna povezanost (Spearman r=0,829, p<0,001). Najviše ocene dijagnostičkih performansi Papanicolau testa u diskriminaciji LSIL-a(CIN1), HSIL-a(CIN2/3) i planocelularnog karcinoma od cervicitisa su za citološki nalaz ASCH (PA IIIa) (Sp=90,6%, a Sn=100% za Ca planocellulare, Sn=96% za HSIL i Sn=86% za LSIL). U diskriminaciji HSIL-a od LSIL-a najbolja diskriminativnost postiže se za nalaz LSIL (PAIIIb) Papanicolau testa (Sn=72,0%, Sp=67,4%), a u diskriminaciji Ca planocellulare od LSIL najbolja diskriminativnost postiže se za nalaz HSIL (PA IIIb/IV) Papanicolau testa (Sn=77.8%, Sp=97.7%). Na osnovu naših rezultata možemo zaključiti da postoji pozitivna histološko-citološka korelacija nalaza i da je Papanicolau test pouzdaniji u detekciji težih premalignih promena. Citološke dijagnoze ASCH (PAIIIa) i LSIL (PAIIIb) mogu pouzdano ukazati na postojanje premalignih cervikalnih lezija kod žena, pa pacijentkinje sa tim nalazima treba češće kontrolisati i lečiti.

Karcinom grlića materice je ozbiljan javno zdravstveni problem kako u svetu tako i kod nas. Kontrola karcinoma grlića materice pored prevencije podrazumeva ranu dijagnostiku i lečenje, ali i preciznu registraciju i praćenje obolelih žena. Da bi bila obezbeđena dobra kontrola bolesti, svi ovi delovi sistema moraju funkcionisati paralelno. Cilj rada je sagledavanje osnovnih deskriptivno-epidemioloških karakteristika obolelih i umrlih žena od raka grlića materice u svetu, Evropi i Srbiji. Poseban osvrt i detaljan epidemiološki prikaz usmeren je na područje centralne Srbije za period od 1999. do 2011. godine. U radu je primenjen deskriptivno-epidemiološki metod. Kao izvor podataka korišćeni su podaci Globocan-a (softver za procenu opterećenja bolesti populacije, pokrenut od strane WHO), kao i podaci Registra za rak centralne Srbije za analizirani period. U svetu, broj novoobolelih slučajeva za 2012. g. je 527624 (standardizovana stopa incidencije je 14,0 na 100000 žena). U pogledu mortaliteta, za dotičnu godinu broj umrlih žena je 265653 (standardizovana stopa mortaliteta je 6,8 na 100000 žena). Od karcinoma grlića materice na svaka 2 minuta u svetu umre jedna žena (720 dnevno). U Evropi, ukupan broj novoobolelih žena za 2012. g. je 58348 (11,44 na 100000 žena). Ukupan broj umrlih žena je 24378 (3,75 na 100000 žena). U Srbiji, ukupan broj novoobolelih žena za 2012. g. je 1501 (23,8 na 100000 žena). Ukupan broj umrlih žena je 609 (7,7 na 100000 žena). Pozicija Srbije u Svetu u pogledu obolevanja je 62 (od 182. zemlje), dok je 84. u pogledu mortaliteta, što nas svrstava u gornju polovinu liste svih zemalja u svetu. Prema podacima Registara za rak za centralnu Srbiju, prosečna standardizovana stopa incidencije od 23,9/100000 žena i mortaliteta od 7,2/100000 za period 1999-2011. godine ukazuju na nepovoljnu epidemiološku situaciju ovog malignoma u centralnoj Srbiji. Mada se analizom pomenutog vremenskog intervala registruje blagi pad trenda obolevanja u centralnoj Srbiji (y=27,13-0,47x; p>0,05, otprilike jedan slučaj karcinoma grlića materice na 100000 žena manje za sledeće dve godine). Naprotiv, za isti analizirani period, beleži se porast umiranja (y=7,16+0,01x; p>0,05).

Development of accessory breast tissue is a consequence the lack of regression remanths of milk line during embryogenesis. These remanths can be found anywhere on the ventral side of the body, extending from the axilla to the pubic region and most of them can be found in the axillary region. On such a tissue may appear almost identical changes that affect the normal breast, from benign non-tumor changes to malignant tumors. In our case report, the case is a 23 year-old woman who had a unilateral solitary lesions in the axilla, which was surgically removed. Starting diagnosis was " Limphadnopathia axillaris lateris sinistri." After removal and histopathological evaluation of the change, it was found that there is a tumor - fibroadenoma. There were also performed immunohistochemical ( IHH ) staining, with finding of a conventional fibroadenoma of the breast as expected. Accessory breast tissue in the axilla is a rare finding, and the tumors in this tissue even rarer. Histopathological confirmation is mandatory, with the need to exclude malignant tumors which are more common in these cases, and they occur at an earlier age.

Prognoza i izbor terapije adenokarcinoma prostate (ADKP) direktno zavise od brojnih prediktivnih faktora, među kojima su najznačajniji zbirni histološki gradus tumora (Gleason score, koji predstavlja zbir prvog i drugog dominantnog histološkog gradusa) i klinički stadijum. Novija istraživanja u ove faktore ubrajaju i tkivni androgen status i neuroendokrinu diferencijaciju. Važnost prvog i drugog dominantnog histološkog gradusa naročito postaje značajan kod ADKP Gleason score-a 7. Smatra se da goru prognozu imaju ADKP višeg Gleason score-a, uznapredovalog kliničkog stadijuma, androgen nezavisni tumori i tumori koji pokazuju veći stepen neuroendokrine diferencijacije. Cilj rada je odrediti prediktivni značaj ADKP Gleason score-a 7 (3+4) i ADKP Gleason score-a 7 (4+3) u odnosu na klinički stadijum, tkivni androgen status i stepen fokalne neuroendokrine diferencijacije. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 33 ADKP Gleason score-a 7, odnosno 26 (78,79%) ADKP 7 (3+4) i 7 (21,21%) ADKP 7 (4+3). Svi tumori su najčešće dijagnostikovani u stadijumu D2 kada su već postojale udaljene metastaze. ADKP Gleason score-a 7 (4+3) dijagnostikovani su u većem procentu u ovom stadijumu, među njima ima više androgen nezavisnih tumora i pokazuju veći stepen fokalne neuroendokrine diferencijacije. Svi dobijeni rezultati u saglasnosti su sa podacima iz literature i navode na zaključak da ADKP Gleason score-a 7 (4+3) imaju goru prognozu od ADKP Gleason score-a 7 (3+4).

Dijagnostikovanje različitih patohistoloških promena u prostati u najvećem broju slučajeva bazira se na sigurnim benignim, odnosno malignim karakteristikama. Periacinusne pukotine (PP) spadaju u pomoćne dijagnostičke kriterijume i opisuju se kao nesigurne maligne karakteristike. Na osnovu prisusutva i obima PP, pregledanih na velikom mikroskopskom povećanju (400x), žlezde su svrstane u 3 grupe: grupa 1–žlezde bez periacinarnih pukotina ili kod kojih su periacinarne pukotine prisutne u ≤50% žlezdane cirkumferencije; grupa 2–žlezde sa periacinarnim pukotinama prisutnim u >50% žlezdane cirkumferencije, a nalaze se u <50% prisutnih žlezda i grupa 3-žlezde sa periacinarnim pukotinama prisutnim u >50% žlezdane cirkumferencije, a nalaze se u ≥50% prisutnih žlezda. Cilj našeg rada bio je da se utvrdi značaj prisustva PP u adenokarcinomu prostate (ADKP) Gleason score-a 7(3+4) i 7(4+3) i da se korelacionom analizom njihovog odnosa prema parametrima od prediktivnog značaja (preoperativne vrednosti serumskog prostata specifičnog antigena, tumorski volumen, klinički stadijum i stepen fokalne neuroendokrine diferencijacije) utvrdi postojanje razlike u njihovoj pojavi u navedenim ADKP. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 33 ADKP Gleason score-a 7, odnosno 26 (78,79%) ADKP 7(3+4) i 7 (21,21%) ADKP 7(4+3). Kod ADKP Gleason 7(3+4) periacinusne pukotine se češće javljaju kod tumora koji su manji, bolje diferentovani (stvaraju više PSA), koji se dijagnostikuju u manje uznapredovalim kliničkim stadijumima i koji pokazuju manji stepen fokalne neuroendokrine diferencijacije. Kod ADKP Gleason 7(4+3) periacinusne pukotine se češće javljaju kod tumora kod kojih se stvara manja količina serumskog PSA (slabije diferentovani) i kod tumora koji su dijagnostikovani u uznapredovalim kliničkim stadijumima. Periacinusne pukotine predstavljaju češći nalaz kod adenokarcinoma prostate Gleason score-a 7(4+3) koji imaju goru prognozu, što PP svrstava u red važnih pomoćnih kriterijuma za dijagnozu adenokarcinoma prostate.

Starenje kože je spor, ali progresivan degenerativni proces. U literaturi se definišu dve varijante bioloških okolnosti starenja kože: jedna objašnjava prirodno, fiziološko starenje, u funkciji vremena, na genetskoj osnovi - hronološko ili intrinzičko starenje (engl.chronological/intrinsic skin aging ) koje se klinički zapaža kao glatka, tanka, fino naborana koža, a druga povezuje i analizira promene na koži nastale pod uticajem spoljnih činilaca, uglavnom UV zračenja, - tzv. solarno ili ekstrinzičko starenje (engl. photoaging / extrinsic skin aging). Normalno ili intrinzičko starenje je praćeno atrofijom epiderma i derma, destrukcijom kolagenih i elastičnih vlakana, uz poremećaj proliferacijske homeostaze brojnih ćelija i posledične pojave benignih i malignih lezija kože.

Vulva can easily be examined, therefore it could be expected that any changes that may emerge at it would be easy
to notice and treat quickly and efficiently. Despite that, the incidence of pre-malignant and malignant changes is increasing.
Many risk factors connected to the emerging of these changes have been discovered, but many explanations have become
available only when the theory of the participation of HPVin oncogenesis has been set. The goal of the study is to identify all
the pathological changes at vulva - benignant, pre-malignant and malignant, according to the age of the patients, and
therefore, both biopsy and operational material collected from 1331 patients treated at GAK “Narodni Front” Belgrade, has been used. There have been 46 diagnoses of benignant changes, of which 20 (43,48%) had been diagnosed as condylomata acuminata, a change including a HPV infection. Most of these changes have occurred at patients aged 31-40. In 17 cases of pre-malignant changes, VIN I has occurred in 2 cases (11,76%), and VIN II and VIN III as more serious pre-malignant lesions were noticed in 8 samples. In 7 cases (41,18%), VIN III was discovered to be moving into a starting invasion phase. It can be concluded that VIN is most often at patients aged over 60. Malignant vulva tumors occurred in 14 cases, 13 of those where diagnosed as invading planocellular carcinoma, and one of them was metastatic. Vulva carcinomas seem to occur most often at patients aged over 60.

Apart from great frequency of epithelian, especially preinvasive changes, some very rear diseases common for other lower parts of genital tract (cervix and vulva), are vaginal epithelian changes and especially vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). That's the reason why we don't usually think about this disease, which can have very serious consequences, especially in late discovering of changes in the stadium of invasive malign disease.The aim of this work was to diagnose all pathological changes on vagina: benign, premalign and malign, according to the age of female patients. Biopsy and operative material taken from 1331 female patients treated in Ginecology and Obstetrics Clinic “Narodni front” in Belgrade, were used in this study. The most diagnosed benign changes was condylomata acuminate (42%). Out of 20 cases of premalign changes, VAIN I was diagnosed in 5 cases (25%) as a slight degree of premalign changes, while VAIN II and VAIN III were diagnosed in 5 cases as a severe degree of premalign lesions. Out of 11 cases, there were 3 cases (27.27%) of invasive planocellar vagina carcinoma with histological degree G1N1. 8 cases (72.72%) were with histological degree G2N2, while there were not a single case with histological degree G3N3. Planocellar vagina carcinoma is the most common in the age of 41-50.

Endometrial carcinoma is still one of the most common malignant tumor of the female genital system in the most industrialized countries. Endometrial cancer is due to 3,9% of all female malignant tumors. The occurence of endometrial cancer varies with age. In 75% of all cases endometral carcinoma tipically occurs in postmenopausal women, with the highest incidence between 50 and 59 year. The high frequence of endometrial carcinoma in younger age is also found in women with ovarian estrogen-secreting tumors. About 10% of all endometrial carcinomas also in association with a genetic predisposition, but the most cases of endometrial carcinomas are sporadic. The most important prognostic factors for endometral carcinomas are: clinical stage, age, histopathological type and grade, as wel as hormonal receptors. Younger nulliparous women with early detected well-diferentiated endometrial carcinoma are usually treated by high doses of progesterone. Older women with endometrial carcinoma are usually treated by hysterectomy. Administration of postoperative radiation and chemiotherapy depends on clinical stage.

Transition of xenobiotics from blood into brain tissue is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a very selective functional barrier that excludes penetration of various substances, while allowing essential nutrients to enter into CNS. Transport of drugs through the intact BBB depends of their physico-chemical characteristics, the way of drug application and of anatomical and functional integrity of the barrier. The aim of this work was to examine penetration of quinine and lysinacetylsalicilate in vivo through the rat BBB, after the intraarterial injection via the a. axillaris in the course to CNS. The
experiment was done on anaesthetized Wistar rats, body weight 200-300 g. Test animals received injection of quinine (25 mg/kg) or LAS (90 mg/kg). Blood from the left jugular vein and brain samples (brain stem, cerebellum, right and left cerebral hemispheres) were taken in four minutes period. Quinine concentrations in rat brain were higher than in blood (ratio between blood/brain concentration was <1) while LAS concentrations in blood were permanently higher, according to their liposolubility. Maximal concentration in the brain tissue of both drugs are time dependent which indicated the useness of an active transport