Uvod: Kardiometaboličke bolesti, uključuju diabetes melitus tipa 2 i kardiovaskularne bolesti, su među vodećim uzrocima morbiditeta i mortaliteta u
Srbiji. U mlađem životnom dobu, prevalenca kardiovaskularnih bolesti je veća kod muškaraca nego kod žena, ali ova prednost postepeno nestaje sa
starenjem, posebno nakon menopauze, i tada su žene pod većim kardiovaskularnim rizikom.
Cilj našeg istraživanja bio je da ukažemo na učestalost metaboličkih poremećaja i povezanost istih a hipertenzijom kod žena u menopauzi.
Metodologija: U ispitivanje je bilo uključeno 200 sredovečnih žena, 131 (65,5%) pre menopauze mlađih od 49 godina i 69 (34,5%) u menopauzi (50-59
godina), koje su se javile na preventivni lekarski pregled lekaru u domu zdravlja u Kosovskoj Mitrovici u periodu od septembra do decembra 2024.g.
Rezultati: Hipertenzija je statistički značajno učestaliji kod žena u menopauzi (84.1%), u odnosu na žene pre menopauze (p<0.001). Žene u
menopauzi su značajno češće imale metaboličke poremećaje, povećanu telesnu masu i gojazost i to kod 66,7% ispitanica i veći obim struka kod 63,8%
(p=0.003) ispitanica. Nivo ukupnog holesterola, LDL-holesterola i triglicerida su bili statistički značajno viši kod žena u menopauzi u odnosu na žene
pre menopauze (p=0.002). Diabetes mellitus je statistički značajno učestaliji kod žena u menopauzi gde je zastupljen kod 27% žena (p=0.002). Većina
drugih biohemijskih varijabili bila je slična kod obe grupe ispitanica kao i nivo homocisteina, mokraćne kiseline i vitamina D.
Zaključak: Žene u menopauzi su značajno češće imale hipertenziju, gojaznost, dislipidemiju i diabetes melitus 2. Zato su neophodni preventivni
pregledi žena u perimenopauzi i menopauzi kako bi se pravovremeni prepoznali i lečili kardiometabolički poremećaji i tako sprečile teže
kardiovaskularne bolesti.
Ključne reči: karadiometabiličke bolesti, hipertenzija, menopauza

 Uvod: Unapređenje obrazovnog okruženja i podsticanje samostalnog aktivnog učenja studenata, nameće i pitanje razumevanja i razvoja strategija učenja kod studenata.
 Ključnu ulogu u tome ima metakognicija koju možemo definisati kao znanje i regulaciju sopstvenih kognitivnih procesa, odnosno sposobnost da se prate, kontrolišu i planiraju
 aktivnosti povezane sa učenjem i rešavanjem problema. Razvoj modernih tehnologija i korišćenje internet u procesu učenja je jedan od faktora koji utiču na metakognitivne
 sposobnosti. Za procenu metakognitivne sposobnosti koristi se „Upitnik za procenu metakognitivne svesnosti“,(engl. Metacognitive Awareness Inventory – MAI, koji je validiran
 za srpsku populaciju.
 Cilj rada: Ispitati povezanost potrebe interneta u toku studiranja sa komponentama metakognicije. 
Metode rada: Istraživanje je sprovedeno kao studija preseka u oktobru 2024. godine na Medicinskom fakultetu, Univerziteta u Prištini, Kosovska Mitrovica. Obuhvaćeni su svi
 student 3. godine medicine koji su pored klasične nastave iz Medicinske statistike i informatike imali i elektronsko učenje. Nastavni materijali su bili dostupni preko Moodle
 platforme i pripremljeni u vidu metakognitivni problemski baziranih modula u okviru Erazmus + projekta „Razvoj i implementacija metakognitivnih problemski baziranih
 modula u kursevima mešovite nastave u medicinskim naukama“, br. 101082790. Na stranici kursa bila je postavljena i srpska, validirana verzija MAI upitnika uz dodatak
 sociodemografski podataka i pitanja vezanih za proces studiranja. Upitnik je obuhvatao dve komponente. “Znanje o kogniciji”, (sa podkomponentama, deklarativno znanje,
 procedualno znanje, uslovno znanje) i “Regulaciju kognicije” (planiranje, strategija upravljanja informacijama, praćenje učenja i razumevanja, strategija za ispravljanje
 grešaka i evaluacija).
 Upitnik ima ukupno 52 stavke sa odgovorima ocenjenim Likertovom skalom sa 5 nivoa – od 1, „Uvek netačno“ do 5 „Uvek tačno“, a sabiranjem svih stavki u okviru jedne  
subkomponente dobijen je zbirni rezultat za datu potkategoriju metakognicije. Studenti su popunjavali upitnik pre pristupa nastavnim materijalima koji su se nalazili na kursu.
 Rezultati: Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 82 studenta, prosečne starosti 20,9±0,9. Ispitivani uzorak je činilo 32,9% osoba muškog i 67,1% ženskog pola, koji su se izjasnili o
 potrebi internet u toku studiranja i  na skali od 1 “malo” do 5 “mnogo”, ocenili da je prosečna potreba za internetom tokom studiranja iznosila 4,4. Veći nivo procedualnog
 znanja je bio povezan sa većom potrebom za internetom tokom studiranja (r=0,289. p=0,008). Pozitivna korelacija potrebe internet je zabeležena i sa svim subkomponentama  
“Regulacije kognicije”, za planiranje (r=0,249; p=0,024), strategiju upravljanja informacijama (r=0,396; p<0,001), praćenje učenja i razumevanja (r=0,316; p=0,004),
 strategiju za ispravljanje grešaka (r=0,275; p=0,012) i evaluaciju (r=0,294; p=0,007). Najača povezanost potrebe internet tokom studiranja je bila sa strategijom upravljanja
 informacijama. Veća potreba korišćenja interneta među studentima  je uticala da uspore sa radom kada naiđu na važne informacije (4,4), fokusiraju se na nove informacije
 (4,3), teže da ih preformulišu svojim rečima (4,4) i povezuju ih sa onim što već znaju (4,4).
 Zaključak: Korišćenje internet tokom studiranja utiče na veći stepen metakognicije i svesnosti studenata da prepoznaju nove i važne informacije. Pomaže im kako da usvoje
 nove informacije, da se na njih fokusiraju, da ih preformulisu i kako da ih povežu sa već postojećim znanjem.
 Ključne reči: Metakognicija, upotreba internet, studenti medicine, MAI

Introduction: The circle of Willis is the major source of collateral blood flow between the carotid and vertebrobasilar system. Its potential depends on the presence and size of arteries that vary greatly among normal individuals and therefore their adequate observation by a radiologist is necessary. Aim: Determine the type of the circle of Willis and their frequency. Determine the type, frequency and localization of anatomical variants of arteries, as well as their average diameter. Compare these variables according to the age and gender of the examinees. Material and methods: A retrospective study was performed at the Center for Radiology of the Clinical Center Nis during 2017. All subjects underwent CT or MR angiography according to a standard endocranial protocol. The anterior and posterior parts of the circle were specially observed, with an emphasis on the presence or absence of anatomical variants of the arteries, with the measurement of their diameter. The obtained data were classified into variants of the front or rear part of the ring as well as the type of ring according to integrity. The frequency of these variables and their comparison by sex and age were measured. Results: The research included 92 examinees. According to the configuration of the Willis arterial ring, the adult type was the most often represented (71.7%). The most common type in terms of integrity was partially complete. The most common anatomical variants obtained in our work was aplasia of AcoA (27.2%) and aplasia of one or both PCoA (21%). PcoA hypoplasia was occured in women with a frequency of 13.5% while in men it was not present. Conclusion: Adequate understanding of the morphology of the circle of Willis by radiological methods is a good guide for neurosurgical and radiological intervention procedures. In this way, potentially significant neurological complications and the risk of morbidity and mortality could be reduced.

The most significant prostate diseases (PD) are benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
(PIN) and prostate cancer (PC). Generally, all PD are rare before the age of 50 with growing number of patients, primarily
with BHP, with each next decade, but about decade later the highest number of PIN and PC began to report. The aim of this
paper is to examine some of clinical, biochemical and histopathological characteristics of BPH, PIN and PC. Our sample
consisted of 169 men. Statisticaly the most common PD was BPH-77.5%, and the rarest PIN-8.3% (p<0.001). The average age of patients was 70.6±7.5 years (51-89) with no significant differences between diagnosis (p=0.415). PIN and PC are more often found in people from urban areas (p=0.004). In the central prostate area BPH is significantly higher in 88.5% (p<0.001). Peripheral parts are significantly more common places of PIN and PC (p<0.001). Median serum PSA values is statistically highest in PC-87.2 ng/ml (12.7-372.5), (p<0,001), especially those with predominantly peripheral parts localization. Gleason score is an important prognostic factor, with average value at PC is 7.32±1.4 (5-10), with a significantly higher values for diffuse PC. BPH is the most common, and PIN rarest PD. All diseases have occurred in people older than 50 years. Usually, BPH is in central and PIN and PC in peripheral prostate parts. PSA values were highest at PC, which is a prove of its importance in malignancy early detection.

Bronchiolitis is an acute viral disease of lower respitatory pathways in children under 2 years of age. It is manifested by coughing, whistling and refusing food intake. The most common cause of bronchiolitis is a respiratory syncytial virus. Vitamin D is a steroid hormone which is synthesized in the skin after sun exposure or food intake. With discovery of Vitamin D receptors and hydroxylated enzymes in immune cells, a potential role for Vitamin D in maintaining immune homeostasis was seen. It has been established that Vitamin D induces a change of the antimicrobial polypeptide, cathelicidin, which has both antibacterial and antiviral roles.

Introduction: A self-assessment health condition provides a general approach to creating a picture of the health status of the population. Aim: The aim of the paper is to show the connection between different categories of self-assessed health with socio-demographic characteristics, risk factors and with the presence of one or more chronic non-communicable disease of adults in Serbian communities in Kosovo and Metohia. Method: The research was carried out as a cross section study. As an instrument for data collection, the questionnaire was applied in the 2013 Survey of the Health of the Population of Serbia (excluding Kosovo and Metohija), which is in line with the European Health Research Questionnaire. For the purposes of our research, the following variables were used; gender, age, education, working status, marital status, the presence of chronic non-communicable diseases, smoking, alcohol use and physical activity. Results: A total of 1067 respondents (51.3% of women) responded, with an average age of 42.2 (± 16.0) years. Most respondents in the survey found that they feel very good or good, a quarter of the middle (not bad or good), while their condition was poor or very poor assessed by just under 5% of respondents. Among the respondents who rated their health condition as poor or very poor, there were significantly more female respondents, middle age and 65 years of age. Also, people with primary and secondary education, economically inactive, and who are inclined to the sedentary way of life, have a poor picture of their health. The frequency of people who assess their health status as bad or very bad is the highest among respondents with two or more chronic diseases. Conclusion: Different categories of self-assessment health show a tendency to connect with different individual characteristics of adult respondents. Our results can help in creating a strategy of action and building preventive programs in a defined area.

There were 351 drug addicts examined post mortem from 2006 till 2015 at The Institute of Forensic Medicine in Belgrade. In most of the cases death was accidental, caused by the use of psychoactive substances totaling 219(62,4%), followed by suicidal deaths 35 (10,0%) and deaths from traumas caused in traffic accidents. The most common manner of suicide was death by hanging (48,6%), jump from a height (28,6%), suicide by firearm (17,8%). There were no recorded suicides by overdose. The age of post mortem drug addicts where the suicide was a cause of death, did not statistically differ from others, accidental deaths, caused by the use of psychoactive substances. However, drug addicts died from traumas in traffic accident were statistically significantly younger in comparison to previous two groups. The median blood morphine levels concentration value did not statistically differ significantly in all three examined groups. Quite often there was alcohol presence in blood of drug addicts who died in traffic accidents.

Validity shows the degree of concurrence between the results received by an actual measuring and that of what an instrument is supposed to measure. There are three main types of validity: content validity, criterion-related validity and construct validity. Factor validity is a special approach to constructive validity, tested by statistical analysis called factor analysis. Hamilton rating scale for depression and Montgomery-Asberg depression scale are the most widely used psychiatric instruments. The aim was to carry out a systematic review of the literature on factor structure of psychiatric scales reported in different times during longitudinal studies. The units of analysis were published papers obtained by searching the two bibliographic databases: MEDLINE and PsycINFO. Factor validity of the HAMD scale was reported in 6 (0.09%) of 6590 studies which used this scale, whereas the factor validity of the MADRS scale was reported in 4 (0.2%) of 2051 studies which used the MADRS scale. The difference between the first and the last measuring in relation to values was not statistically significant: median of the number of extracted factors of the HAMD scale (p=0.371), median of total explained factor variance of the HAMD scale (p=0.250), median of variance explained by the first factor of the HAMD scale (p=0.125). Factor validity of the MADRS scale in repeated measuring also did not have statistically significant difference for the following values: median of the number of extracted factors of the MADRS scale (p=0.174), median of variance explained by the first factor of the MADRS scale (p=0.125). Coefficients of concurrent validity of the HAMD i MADRS depression scales show the trend of increase in longitudinal studies and their values are for about a third higher at the end of studies than in their beginning. Low frequency of reporting the data about reliability and validity of applied rating scales is the main problem in using the meta-analytical methods effectively to study changes in adequacy of measures in longitudinal studies.