Leukoaraiosis is a change in brain white matter with characteristic manifestation in MR and CT head scans. Common leukoaraiosis risk factors include aging and arterial hypertension. A quarter of symptomatic ischemic infarcts belongs to small blood vessel disease group and could be presented as lacunar infarcts. These two crucial pathophysiological mechanisms are in the root of cognitive dysfunction related to small blood vessel disease. 60 lacunar infarct patients were examined and parameters for groups with and without leukoaraiosis were determined. It was found that leukoaraiosis incidence was highest in the group of women older than 70. Neurological assessment was scored on NIH-NINDS scale, functional status was scored with Barthelo index, and cognitive status was determined using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale Late (ADAS-L). Correlation analysis of these parameters on significance level of *p<0.05, **p<0.01, suggests decrease in neurological status and cognitive performance.

One of the best-studied responses of cognitive evoked potentials is a so-called “P300”, the late positive wave complex that occurs about 300-500 ms after the stimulus. It is obtained when the subject’s attention is focused on a signal that is rare, especially if the signal has a motivational or emotional meaning. In the study of P300 potential, we followed the variations of potential amplitude and latency, so the objective was to examine whether there is a difference in Fz and Cz amplitudes of auditory induced cognitive evoked P300 potential depending on the performance of oddball tasks, both in male and female subjects. The study included 60 subjects (30 female respondents and 30 male respondents). P300 potential is induced by the auditory "oddball" paradigm with 80% of non-target and 20% of target stimuli that are presented to the patient through headphones. The target tones are high tones of 2000 Hz. The standard, 1000 Hz tones the respondent should ignore but when he hears the target tones the respondent should press the button on the special handle. The value of Fz and Cz amplitudes both in male and female subjects obtained in the classical "oddball" paradigm when the subject reacted to the signal by pressing the key with the dominant (right) arm were statistically significantly lower (p>0,05) than the values of Fz and Cz amplitudes obtained when the key was pressed by the non-dominant hand. Based on this experiment it can be concluded that both in male and female subjects the performance of oddball tasks does not affect the amplitude of P300 cognitive evoked potentials.

Danas gojaznost predstavlja globalni epidemiološki problem koji tokom vremena postoji sve veći. Međutim, efekti gojaznosti na respiratorni sistem često su neuvaženi. U ovom članku biće sagledani mehanički efekti gojaznosti na fiziologiju pluća kao i funkcija masnog tkiva kao endokrinog organa na produkciju sistemske inflamacije i uloge na centralnu kontrolu disanja. Gojaznost igra ključnu ulogu u razvoju opstruktivne apnee u spavanju i opstruktivnog hipoventilacionog sindroma. Bolje razumevanje efekata gojaznosti na respiratorne bolesti i pružanje adekvatnih mera zdravstvene zaštite je od vitalnog značaja u sprečavanju ovog sve značajnijeg problema.

Aterogeneza je postepen proces koji započinje u ranom životnom periodu, odvija se lagano, decenijama i može biti prepoznat tek kada se razviju infarkt srca, mozga ili periferna vaskularna bolest. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi učestalost i zastupljenost faktora aterogeneze kod pacijenata sa moždanim infarktima u graničnoj supratentorijalnoj arterijskoj distribuciji. Istraživanje je sprovedeno u sedmogodišnem periodu, kod 30 bolesnika, kao prospektivna studija. Kao faktori aterogeneze definsisani su pacijenti sa kardiovaskularnim oboljenjima, dijabetes mellitusom i pušači, a kod svih ispitanika verifikovana je koncentracija holesterola. U grupi ispitanika sa infarktom moždanog tkiva u prednjim partijama, u odnosu na bolesnike sa moždanim infarktom u zadnjim partijama, utvrđen je statistički značajno veći broj bolesnika sa kardiovaskularnim bolestima (p=0,025). Grupa pacijenata kod kojih je utvrđen infarkt moždanog tkiva u prednjim partijama imaju značajno veći broj bolesnika sa diabetes mellitusom (p=0,023), veći broj pušača (p=0,021), a utvrđena je i statistički značajno veća koncentracija holesterola (p<0,0001). Pacijenti sa prednjim moždanim infarktom imaju statistički značajno veći aterogeni potencijal.

Cilj ovog rada bio je da utvrdi udruženost ekstrakranijalne karotidne ateroskleroze u odnosu na stranu infarkta mozga subkortikalne lokalizacije. Rad je prospektivna studija i sproveden je na grupi od 40 bolesnika. Kriterijumi za uključivanje u istraživanje je bila dijagnoza cerebrovaskularnog inzulta postavljena na osnovu kliničkog i neurološkog pregleda, te jasno potvrđena kompjuterizovanom tomografijom (CT) postojanjem infarkta mozga u subkortikalnom delu leve ili desne velikomoždane hemisfere. Podaci o ekstrakranijalnoj aterosklerotskoj karotidnoj bolesti dobijani su ultrasonografskim pregledom. Najvažniji element ultrazvučnog pregleda karotidnih arterija bio je stepenovanje stenoza i procena zadebljanja kompleksa intime i medije (IMT). Identifikovani su faktori rizika značajni za nastanak i razvoj ateroskleroze, a tome i razvoj ishemijske bolesti mozga. Na osnovu analize dobijenih rezultata infarkti mozga subkortikalne lokalizacije su češći na strani karotidne ateroskleroze bilo u formi ateromatoze unutrašnje karotidne arterije ili intimo medijalnog zadebljanja zajedničke karotidne arterije, posebno kada su udruženi sa dominantnim faktorima rizika za aterogenezu.

Epidemiological characteristics of acute stroke certify the great importance of such disease, which takes the measures of a mass incontagious illness, because it represents one of leading causes of death and invalidity in the world. Contemporary knowledge about the complexity of cerebral infarct has been significantly increased thanks to new imaging methods, which allows correction of clinicaly stated diagnose. The aim of our research was to determine clinical manifestation signs of supratentorial infarcts and their presence compared to anatomic localisations of lesions. 60 patients were clinicaly tested, and a computerised tomografy of brain followed, which disclosed anatomic localisation of lesions. Results have shown that the maniestation of supratentorial infarct in the AMC zone has the most neurological signs, from conscious state disorders, graver pyramid deficit, speaking disorder to hemihypesthesia and hemianopsys. Lighter neurological deficit is found in infarcts which affect AAC and APC zones, which brings to a conclusion that knowing the clinical state and without applying neuroradiological methods can imply to localisation of supratentorial infarcts.

In the group of 30 patients with infarction in the border areas has found a total of 11 patients with anterior watershed infarcts between the artery cerebri anterior and artery cerebri media, 15 patients with posterior watershed infarcts between the artery cerebri media and artery cerebri posterior, and 4 patients with subcortical watershed infarcts between surface and deep branch artery cerebri media. Supratentorial watershed infarcts in the dominant hemisfere were seen in 21 patients, while in subdominant in 9 patients. Each type of watershed infarcts was characteristic neurologic picture. Results of this study depict to high incidence of aphasic disturbances, which is consistent with the anatomical presentation of the speech affected both the anterior ares cortical stroke in transcortical motor aphasia, and the posterior of transcortical sensory aphasia.

One of leading causes of death in the world is stroke, more often it strikes population under the age of 65, and those who survive it are left with a maximum degree of invalidity. Supratentorial infarcts are the most common form of ACM, occuring as a consequence of blood vessel occlusion, which irrigation zone is above tentorium, and it appears in 80% of infarcts. Diagnosing of such infarcts is based on clinical and neuroradiological parameters, and computed tomografy is called "gold standard". Therefor, our goal was to introduce a CT parameters, which follow complications of supratentorial infarcts and have predictional character. A prospective study followed the state of 60 patients with supratentorial infarcts of brain, performed CT diagnostics, established infarct complication parameters and their effects on clinical state and diseases outcome. Large tentorial infarcts in ACM vascularisation zone, mass-effects and mediosagital structure motions are significant predictors of infarct ill outcome when it comes to surviving and functional recovery. 

Patients with epilepsy more often than healthy individual have cognitive disorders, what may be the result of different factors, among which significant place occupy the treatment with antiepileptic drugs. Topiramate is the new antiepileptic drug, which is related with high efficiency in the reduction seazures, and also whit high prevalention of cognitive adverse events. Purpose of our study is to clarify the role of depression in developing cognitive adverse events during therapy with topiramate in patients with refractory epilepsy. In the prospective stady we followed 40 adult patients with refractory epilepsy, which treatement took place on the Institute of neurology Clinical center of Serbia. All patients are neuropsychological tested twice. First time before the start of therapy with topiramate on basic antiepileptic therapy, and next time two months after the achieving of stable dose of 200mg/day. We used neuropsychological tests for evaluation attention, concentration, visual and verbal memory, speech, executive functions, divergent opinion and visual construction abilities. For estimate degree of depression we used Hamilton's scale of depression. Patients with the depressive manifestation had lower scores on cognitive tests in comparition to patients without the depression, before and after introductions topiramate. More the score of depression was larger, the scores of neuropsychological tests have been worse. Depression has bad influence on the cognitive functioning and her presence in the patients with epilepsy increases the risk from development of cognitive adverse events of topiramate.