Determination of preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value is primary procedure in diagnosis of different pathological prostate changes (prostate cancer-PC, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia-PIN and benign prostatic hyperplasia-BPH), followed by digital rectal examination and prostate biopsy as gold standard. Disadvantage of high sensitivity and low specificity of PSA testing in diagnosis of PC is a problem in clinical practice. Aim was to determine the diagnostic performance of PSA in diagnosis of PC, PIN and BPH. The study included 100 patients divided into three groups: 70 with PC, 20 with a PIN and 10 with BPH. Patients with PIN and BPH were control group. Preoperative PSA values were determined by Tandem-R, The patients were divided into subgroups by baseline PSA level as follows: 4-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40 and> 40. The definitive histopathological diagnosis was made on routine hematoxylineosin slides. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), sensitivity-SE and specificity-SP of each PSA level were evaluated for PC. Preoperative serum PSA levels in patients with PC (median-35.82 ng/ml, min-6 ng/ml, max-960.40 ng/ml) were significantly higher than with PIN (median-9.15 ng/ml, min-3.16 ng/ml, max-27.61 ng/ml) and BPH (median-8.68 ng/ml, min0.80 ng/ml, max-31.20 ng/ml). The best diagnostic characteristics of the PSA are on limit value 10 ng/ml (AUC=0.781, SE=92.9%; SP=63.3%; p<0,0001). PSA is of great help in diagnosis of advanced and initial form of PC. The chance of PC diagnosis was greater than that for other pathological changes when PSA level was higher than 10 ng/ml.

Karcinom grlića materice je ozbiljan javno zdravstveni problem kako u svetu tako i kod nas. Kontrola karcinoma grlića materice pored prevencije podrazumeva ranu dijagnostiku i lečenje, ali i preciznu registraciju i praćenje obolelih žena. Da bi bila obezbeđena dobra kontrola bolesti, svi ovi delovi sistema moraju funkcionisati paralelno. Cilj rada je sagledavanje osnovnih deskriptivno-epidemioloških karakteristika obolelih i umrlih žena od raka grlića materice u svetu, Evropi i Srbiji. Poseban osvrt i detaljan epidemiološki prikaz usmeren je na područje centralne Srbije za period od 1999. do 2011. godine. U radu je primenjen deskriptivno-epidemiološki metod. Kao izvor podataka korišćeni su podaci Globocan-a (softver za procenu opterećenja bolesti populacije, pokrenut od strane WHO), kao i podaci Registra za rak centralne Srbije za analizirani period. U svetu, broj novoobolelih slučajeva za 2012. g. je 527624 (standardizovana stopa incidencije je 14,0 na 100000 žena). U pogledu mortaliteta, za dotičnu godinu broj umrlih žena je 265653 (standardizovana stopa mortaliteta je 6,8 na 100000 žena). Od karcinoma grlića materice na svaka 2 minuta u svetu umre jedna žena (720 dnevno). U Evropi, ukupan broj novoobolelih žena za 2012. g. je 58348 (11,44 na 100000 žena). Ukupan broj umrlih žena je 24378 (3,75 na 100000 žena). U Srbiji, ukupan broj novoobolelih žena za 2012. g. je 1501 (23,8 na 100000 žena). Ukupan broj umrlih žena je 609 (7,7 na 100000 žena). Pozicija Srbije u Svetu u pogledu obolevanja je 62 (od 182. zemlje), dok je 84. u pogledu mortaliteta, što nas svrstava u gornju polovinu liste svih zemalja u svetu. Prema podacima Registara za rak za centralnu Srbiju, prosečna standardizovana stopa incidencije od 23,9/100000 žena i mortaliteta od 7,2/100000 za period 1999-2011. godine ukazuju na nepovoljnu epidemiološku situaciju ovog malignoma u centralnoj Srbiji. Mada se analizom pomenutog vremenskog intervala registruje blagi pad trenda obolevanja u centralnoj Srbiji (y=27,13-0,47x; p>0,05, otprilike jedan slučaj karcinoma grlića materice na 100000 žena manje za sledeće dve godine). Naprotiv, za isti analizirani period, beleži se porast umiranja (y=7,16+0,01x; p>0,05).

Development of accessory breast tissue is a consequence the lack of regression remanths of milk line during embryogenesis. These remanths can be found anywhere on the ventral side of the body, extending from the axilla to the pubic region and most of them can be found in the axillary region. On such a tissue may appear almost identical changes that affect the normal breast, from benign non-tumor changes to malignant tumors. In our case report, the case is a 23 year-old woman who had a unilateral solitary lesions in the axilla, which was surgically removed. Starting diagnosis was " Limphadnopathia axillaris lateris sinistri." After removal and histopathological evaluation of the change, it was found that there is a tumor - fibroadenoma. There were also performed immunohistochemical ( IHH ) staining, with finding of a conventional fibroadenoma of the breast as expected. Accessory breast tissue in the axilla is a rare finding, and the tumors in this tissue even rarer. Histopathological confirmation is mandatory, with the need to exclude malignant tumors which are more common in these cases, and they occur at an earlier age.

Prognoza i izbor terapije adenokarcinoma prostate (ADKP) direktno zavise od brojnih prediktivnih faktora, među kojima su najznačajniji zbirni histološki gradus tumora (Gleason score, koji predstavlja zbir prvog i drugog dominantnog histološkog gradusa) i klinički stadijum. Novija istraživanja u ove faktore ubrajaju i tkivni androgen status i neuroendokrinu diferencijaciju. Važnost prvog i drugog dominantnog histološkog gradusa naročito postaje značajan kod ADKP Gleason score-a 7. Smatra se da goru prognozu imaju ADKP višeg Gleason score-a, uznapredovalog kliničkog stadijuma, androgen nezavisni tumori i tumori koji pokazuju veći stepen neuroendokrine diferencijacije. Cilj rada je odrediti prediktivni značaj ADKP Gleason score-a 7 (3+4) i ADKP Gleason score-a 7 (4+3) u odnosu na klinički stadijum, tkivni androgen status i stepen fokalne neuroendokrine diferencijacije. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 33 ADKP Gleason score-a 7, odnosno 26 (78,79%) ADKP 7 (3+4) i 7 (21,21%) ADKP 7 (4+3). Svi tumori su najčešće dijagnostikovani u stadijumu D2 kada su već postojale udaljene metastaze. ADKP Gleason score-a 7 (4+3) dijagnostikovani su u većem procentu u ovom stadijumu, među njima ima više androgen nezavisnih tumora i pokazuju veći stepen fokalne neuroendokrine diferencijacije. Svi dobijeni rezultati u saglasnosti su sa podacima iz literature i navode na zaključak da ADKP Gleason score-a 7 (4+3) imaju goru prognozu od ADKP Gleason score-a 7 (3+4).

Dijagnostikovanje različitih patohistoloških promena u prostati u najvećem broju slučajeva bazira se na sigurnim benignim, odnosno malignim karakteristikama. Periacinusne pukotine (PP) spadaju u pomoćne dijagnostičke kriterijume i opisuju se kao nesigurne maligne karakteristike. Na osnovu prisusutva i obima PP, pregledanih na velikom mikroskopskom povećanju (400x), žlezde su svrstane u 3 grupe: grupa 1–žlezde bez periacinarnih pukotina ili kod kojih su periacinarne pukotine prisutne u ≤50% žlezdane cirkumferencije; grupa 2–žlezde sa periacinarnim pukotinama prisutnim u >50% žlezdane cirkumferencije, a nalaze se u <50% prisutnih žlezda i grupa 3-žlezde sa periacinarnim pukotinama prisutnim u >50% žlezdane cirkumferencije, a nalaze se u ≥50% prisutnih žlezda. Cilj našeg rada bio je da se utvrdi značaj prisustva PP u adenokarcinomu prostate (ADKP) Gleason score-a 7(3+4) i 7(4+3) i da se korelacionom analizom njihovog odnosa prema parametrima od prediktivnog značaja (preoperativne vrednosti serumskog prostata specifičnog antigena, tumorski volumen, klinički stadijum i stepen fokalne neuroendokrine diferencijacije) utvrdi postojanje razlike u njihovoj pojavi u navedenim ADKP. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 33 ADKP Gleason score-a 7, odnosno 26 (78,79%) ADKP 7(3+4) i 7 (21,21%) ADKP 7(4+3). Kod ADKP Gleason 7(3+4) periacinusne pukotine se češće javljaju kod tumora koji su manji, bolje diferentovani (stvaraju više PSA), koji se dijagnostikuju u manje uznapredovalim kliničkim stadijumima i koji pokazuju manji stepen fokalne neuroendokrine diferencijacije. Kod ADKP Gleason 7(4+3) periacinusne pukotine se češće javljaju kod tumora kod kojih se stvara manja količina serumskog PSA (slabije diferentovani) i kod tumora koji su dijagnostikovani u uznapredovalim kliničkim stadijumima. Periacinusne pukotine predstavljaju češći nalaz kod adenokarcinoma prostate Gleason score-a 7(4+3) koji imaju goru prognozu, što PP svrstava u red važnih pomoćnih kriterijuma za dijagnozu adenokarcinoma prostate.

Aging as continous biological process, affect all organic systems. Aging is believed to affect the structure and function of the enteric nervous system. Prymary aim these studies is to verify changes in number of neurons in myenteric nervous plexus of human stomach within relation to process of aging. In the course of research played is analysis number of neurons in myenteric nervous plexus of anterior wall stomach. Analysis was performed within 30 tissue samples which are classified into three age groups: (from 20 to 44 years, from 45 to 64 years and over 65 to 84 year old). Played is histological processing and stained with HE, Cresyl-violet, AgNO3 and AChE methods. The morphometric measures operated by morphometric multipurpose test system M42. Finding results are statistically processed by Student-t-test and analysis of variance. Discernible is very heavy loss of neurons of myenteric plexus within the oldest group in relation to younger groups. Applied test show are having statistically notable variance between age groups. In percentage, the loss of neurons in the oldest group in relation to others was from 13,81% to 15,44%.

Myenteric nervous plexus is from rare importance for function of gastrointestinal tract. It perform one regulatory level autonomic nervous system which is situated within wall of digestive tract wherefore is directly exposed effect pathogenetic factors from extern ambiance. Aim of these study is that itself within terminal part of large intestine (sigmoid colon and rectum) particulary inquest myentric nervous plexus as part of autonomic nervous system. That itself describe shape and arrangement of ganglion structures, as well as, shape and arrangement of ganglion cells of myenteric nervous plexus. Within our researches we use totally 60 tissue samples of human sigmoid colon and rectum. From anterior wall those part of large intestine was taken 30 samples, also and same number of samples towards parts of posterior wall. Proximately past getting samples was determine their volume by using picnometre. Afterwards are made preparations coloured by He, Cresyl - violet and AgNO methods. Tissue samples are sliced within step - shared series of incisions with thickness slice by 7µm and 3 thickness grade by 50µm. Stereologycal analysis was perform by test system M42 which is calibrated on enlarge objective 40x. During analysis was determined absolute volume of ganglion structures of myenteric plexus and absolute number of ganglion cells inside of ganglion structures. Structures of myenteric nervous plexus being shown on longitudinal cross - section of tissues as flat, irregular ramify structure explicitly limited from surrounding smooth muscles. Immanent is upward trend absolute volume of ganglion structures and absolute number of ganglion cells goes from sigmoid colon according to ampullar part of rectum. Variance on level of significance by p<0,05 are present only if itself compare absolute volume of ganglion structures and absolute number of ganglion cells of myenteric plexus ampullar part of rectum and uppermost part of sigmoid colon. Test correlation shows of being presence high statistic significant (p<0,001) correlation between absolute volume of ganglions and absolute number of ganglion cells of myenteric nervous plexus.