Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is caused by the RNA virus SARS-CoV-2. The primary receptor for the virus is most likely Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and the virus enters the body by infecting epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. Through the activation of Toll Like Receptors (TLRs), epithelial cells begin to synthesize various biologically active molecules. The pathophysiology of the COVID 19 is primarily attributed to the hyperactivation of host's immune system due to direct damage to the cells, with consequent release of proinflammatory substances, but also due to the activation of the innate immune response through the activation of alveolar macrophages and dendrite cells (DC). A strong proinflammatory reaction causes damage to alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelium. Respiratory epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages and DC are likely to be the most important cells involved in the innate immune response to the virus, since prolonged and excessive SARS-CoV-2-induced activation of these cells leads to the secretion of cytokines and chemokines that massively attract leukocytes and monocytes to the lungs and cause lung damage.

Prostate cancer (CP) is the most common malignancy in men in America, while it is the second most common in Europe. It is responsible for about 10% of cancer deaths in the same population. It is clinically manifested in various forms, from slow-growing to aggressive forms with pronounced metastatic potential. Diagnosis is made by a well-defined algorithm, which begins with the determination of serum prostate specific antigen values and ends with prostate biopsy as the "gold standard". Pathohistological diagnostic criterias are based on architectural, cytoplasmic, nuclear and characteristics of intraluminal structures, as well as periacinar cleftings, which are deffined as helpfull diagnostic criteria of undoubted importance. Prognostic and predictive parameters are classified into three categories. Some of them are an integral part of routine pathohistologicat report, while others are considered as the diagnostic process progresses. Modern knowledge introduces biomarkers into the everyday practice of personalized medicine, especially when is necessary to treat prostate cancer patients.

Introduction: Elastic fibers are constituents of the dermal extracellular matrix, determining the histoarchitecture of the
dermal connective tissue. Organization and density of elastic fibers change as skin ages. The aim of this paper was to determine the similarities and differences between the photo-aging and the physiological aging of skin by examining organization and quantifying the elastic fibers in the dermis during aging. The material included samples of photoexposed and photoprotected skin, obtained from 90 cadavers aged 0-82 years. The samples were classified into five age groups: newborns, young age, middle age, mature age and the oldest age. Skin samples were stained using the Halmi modification of Aldehyd fucshin staining method, as well as Alcian blue staining (the Spicer method). Volume density (VD) of the elastic fibers was measured using Image J program.

Results: In the skin of newborns and young age group (neck and abdomen) elastic fibers appeared to form a network structure. In the photoexposed skin of the mature age and the oldest group, elastic fibers showed tendency to fragment, while the elastic material exhibited tendency to accumulate. VD of elastic network in the skin of the neck in the middle, mature and the oldest age group was greater than VD of abdominal skin of the respective age groups (3.66±0.28%, 5.61±0.22%, 6.24±0.21% respectively). Age-related statistically significant increase in VD of the elastic network in the skin of the neck, as well as a statistically significant reduction of elastic network VD in the abdominal skin, has been observed (middle age - oldest).

Conclusion: Correlation of the organization and quantity of elastic fibers with age exhibits different pattern in photoexposed compared to photoprotected skin. A quantitative evaluation of the volume density of elastic fibers correlates with clinically visible signs of photo-aging, primarily with solar elastosis.

Oxidative stress plays an important role in development of ulcer lessions of the rats exposed to indomethacin induced stress. It has been suggested that endogenous opioids releassed during the stress may attenuate gastric ulcer lesions. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of morpine on development of ulcer lessions, pathohistological alterations and antioxidative status in stomach of the rats exposed to indomethacin induced stress. Research was performed on adult, male Wistar rats weighting 200-230 g. Indomethacin stress was induced by intragastric administration of indomethacin at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. 6 hours before sacrificing. Morphine was applied intraperitoneally, in the doses of 10 mg/kg b.w. 15 minutes before indomethacin induced stress. The size of lesions in the form of petechiae and erosion, is expressed as the total surface of changes (mm2), i.e. ulcer index (UI). The pathohistological samples were analyzed by Leica DML S2 light microscope, and specific changes were photodocumented with Canon Power Shot S70 digital camera. In the homogenate of the stomach, the activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) were measured, as well as the reduced glutathione content (GSH) and the lipid peroxidation intensity (Lpx). Morphine significantly reduced the ulcer index (UI) in animals exposed to indomethacin stress and the presence of large amounts of mucus in the stomach mucosal was established histopathologically. The use of morphine in the pretreatmant of indomethacin induced stress statistically significantly reduced the activity of all enzymes in the stomach compared to the control group, and this activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and glutathione reductase (GR ), xanthine oxidase (XOD),as well as the lipid peroxidation intensity (Lpx), while the reduced glutathione content remained unchanged. Gastroprotective morphine activity in animals exposed to indomethacin induced stress is most likely a consequence of the strengthening of cytoprotective mechanisms rather than antioxidant action.

Determination of preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value is primary procedure in diagnosis of different pathological prostate changes (prostate cancer-PC, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia-PIN and benign prostatic hyperplasia-BPH), followed by digital rectal examination and prostate biopsy as gold standard. Disadvantage of high sensitivity and low specificity of PSA testing in diagnosis of PC is a problem in clinical practice. Aim was to determine the diagnostic performance of PSA in diagnosis of PC, PIN and BPH. The study included 100 patients divided into three groups: 70 with PC, 20 with a PIN and 10 with BPH. Patients with PIN and BPH were control group. Preoperative PSA values were determined by Tandem-R, The patients were divided into subgroups by baseline PSA level as follows: 4-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40 and> 40. The definitive histopathological diagnosis was made on routine hematoxylineosin slides. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), sensitivity-SE and specificity-SP of each PSA level were evaluated for PC. Preoperative serum PSA levels in patients with PC (median-35.82 ng/ml, min-6 ng/ml, max-960.40 ng/ml) were significantly higher than with PIN (median-9.15 ng/ml, min-3.16 ng/ml, max-27.61 ng/ml) and BPH (median-8.68 ng/ml, min0.80 ng/ml, max-31.20 ng/ml). The best diagnostic characteristics of the PSA are on limit value 10 ng/ml (AUC=0.781, SE=92.9%; SP=63.3%; p<0,0001). PSA is of great help in diagnosis of advanced and initial form of PC. The chance of PC diagnosis was greater than that for other pathological changes when PSA level was higher than 10 ng/ml.

Standardized staging of tumors takes into account the depth of invasion of the intestinal wall and the presence of local or distant metastases, specifically focusing to precisely estimate length of patient survival. This assessment system does not fully reflect the biological behaviour of cancer individually, ie. tumor aggressiveness and ability of recurrence tumor after medical treatment. Futuremore, cancer at some patients have more aggressive growth than other carcinomas in the same clinical stage, because there are other parameters that determine the biological behaviors of colon cancer, which are not included in the standard classification of determining tumor stage. One of the recent arguments which are due in the spotlight is "tumor budding", which represents one cell or group of up to five non-differentiated tumor cells, which are found in the stroma out of the invasive front line of cancer. There are 92 colon cancer and upper rectum processed, which are collected at General Hospital in Trebinje and Medical Center in Kosovska Mitrovica. The aim is to determine whether there is a correlation between the number of tumor budding and stage of tumors in colorectal cancer. The tumor stage is determined by Astler Coller classification. Investigation, based on χ2-test, leads to the conclusion that there is not a statistical significance in tumor budding distribution in relation to tumor stage according to the Astler Coller classification (p = 0.383; p> 0.05).

Dijagnostikovanje različitih patohistoloških promena u prostati u najvećem broju slučajeva bazira se na sigurnim benignim, odnosno malignim karakteristikama. Periacinusne pukotine (PP) spadaju u pomoćne dijagnostičke kriterijume i opisuju se kao nesigurne maligne karakteristike. Na osnovu prisusutva i obima PP, pregledanih na velikom mikroskopskom povećanju (400x), žlezde su svrstane u 3 grupe: grupa 1–žlezde bez periacinarnih pukotina ili kod kojih su periacinarne pukotine prisutne u ≤50% žlezdane cirkumferencije; grupa 2–žlezde sa periacinarnim pukotinama prisutnim u >50% žlezdane cirkumferencije, a nalaze se u <50% prisutnih žlezda i grupa 3-žlezde sa periacinarnim pukotinama prisutnim u >50% žlezdane cirkumferencije, a nalaze se u ≥50% prisutnih žlezda. Cilj našeg rada bio je da se utvrdi značaj prisustva PP u adenokarcinomu prostate (ADKP) Gleason score-a 7(3+4) i 7(4+3) i da se korelacionom analizom njihovog odnosa prema parametrima od prediktivnog značaja (preoperativne vrednosti serumskog prostata specifičnog antigena, tumorski volumen, klinički stadijum i stepen fokalne neuroendokrine diferencijacije) utvrdi postojanje razlike u njihovoj pojavi u navedenim ADKP. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 33 ADKP Gleason score-a 7, odnosno 26 (78,79%) ADKP 7(3+4) i 7 (21,21%) ADKP 7(4+3). Kod ADKP Gleason 7(3+4) periacinusne pukotine se češće javljaju kod tumora koji su manji, bolje diferentovani (stvaraju više PSA), koji se dijagnostikuju u manje uznapredovalim kliničkim stadijumima i koji pokazuju manji stepen fokalne neuroendokrine diferencijacije. Kod ADKP Gleason 7(4+3) periacinusne pukotine se češće javljaju kod tumora kod kojih se stvara manja količina serumskog PSA (slabije diferentovani) i kod tumora koji su dijagnostikovani u uznapredovalim kliničkim stadijumima. Periacinusne pukotine predstavljaju češći nalaz kod adenokarcinoma prostate Gleason score-a 7(4+3) koji imaju goru prognozu, što PP svrstava u red važnih pomoćnih kriterijuma za dijagnozu adenokarcinoma prostate.