Metakognitivni problemski bazirani moduli (MKPB) imaju modularni i fleksibilni dizajn, budući da su koncipirani kao sukcesivno rešavanje problema
 korak po korak usmeravano vođenim pitanjima.Postojeći MKPB moduli trenutno omogućavaju rešavanje problema unutar jedinstvenog formata i
 njihova prva nadogradnja može ići u pravcu kombinovanja različitih medijskih formata, uključujući tekst, slike, zvuk i video, čime se povećava
 angažovanje studenata i podstiče multimodalno usvajanje znanja.Primena algoritama asocijativnog učenja (npr. Apriori, Eclat, FP-Growth) omogućava
 prepoznavanje čestih obrazaca grešaka i veza među koracima u rešavanju problema. U okviru MKPB modula identifikacija obrasca rešavanja problema
 i 
SAŽETAK
 najčešćih grešaka omogućava generisanje personalizovanih preporuka studentima kako da unaprede proceduru rešavanja, a samim tim i svoje
 znanje.Modularnost MKPB u okviru Moodle platforme otvara mogućnost kreiranja transdisciplinarnih modula usmerenih na rešavanje kompleksnih i
 višestepenih problema. U zavisnosti od odabrane teme, moguće je kombinovati više pojedinačnih MKPB modula u zajedničku, povezanu strukturu,
 čime se omogućava transdisciplinarni pristup učenju i rešavanju problema u realnim kontekstima. Ovakav pristup omogućava razvoj višestepenih MKPB
 celina, koje povezuju različite discipline u jedinstveni tok učenja.Kao dodatna podrška metakognitivnom razvoju studenata, može se na početku kursa
 primeniti Metacognitive Awareness Inventory upitnik, čiji rezultati, uz pomoć postojeće generativne veštačke inteligencije, mogu poslužiti za
 kreiranje prilagođenih preporuka studentima o tome kako da unaprede svoje metakognitivne sposobnosti.Obučeni modeli generativne veštačke
 inteligencije mogu se iskoristiti i za kreiranje novih MKPB modula na osnovu strukture i primera koji se daju kao mustre. Modularnost MKPB i
 otvorenost Moodle platforme pružaju izuzetno široke mogućnosti za dizajn i prilagođavanje, ograničene pre svega znanjem, iskustvom i kreativnošću
 autora.
 Ključne reči: metakognicija, problemski bazirano učenje, veštačka inteligencija

Postojeći model obrazovanja kadrova u oblasti uticaja životne sredine na zdravlje čoveka, karakteriše izrazita stručna i sektorska fragmentacija. Umesto da integriše sve
pozitivne aspekte multidisciplinarnosti, interdisciplinarnosti i transdisciplinarnosti, trenutni model često favorizuje uskostručne pristupe. Ova fragmentacija je prisutna
između različitih naučnih i stručnih oblasti - biologije, hemije, poljoprivrede, medicine, inženjerskih nauka, ali i ekonomije, prava i društvenih nauka. U takvom okviru,
stručnjaci iz različitih disciplina često pristupaju problemima isključivo iz perspektive svojih struka, boreći se za „svoj deo kolača“, što rezultira uskim i jednostranim
tumačenjima problema. Ovaj pristup neretko stvara nove izvore sukoba među stručnjacima, jer se različite struke međusobno ne prepoznaju kao komplementarne, već kao
konkurentske, što dodatno otežava efikasno rešavanje složenih problema. Takva fragmentacija je posebno problematična kada je reč o pitanjima životne sredine, jer ona
zahteva celovit pristup. Zdravstveni problemi izazvani faktorima iz životne sredine, kao što su zagađenje, klimatske promene, izloženost štetnim materijama ili
nanočesticama, uticaj socijalnog okruženja itd. ne mogu se adekvatno razumeti i rešavati ako se razmatraju parcijalno, iz ugla samo jedne naučne discipline. Životna sredina
je sveobuhvatan sistem, i sveobuhvatni problemi koji iz nje proističu moraju biti tretirani integrisano - uzimajući u obzir sve relevantne aspekte koji mogu doprineti rešavanju
tih problema. Za realizaciju poslediplomskih studija u ovoj oblasti neophodna je transdiciplinarna saradnja između različitih disciplina, ne samo na nivou razmene
informacija, već kroz aktivno povezivanje i preplitanje različitih metodologija i perspektiva kako bi se došlo do inovativnih i održivih rešenja. Obim različitih rizika po životnu
sredinu i zdravlje čoveka, koji nastaju u savremenom društvu, svakog dana je sve veći. Tako se danas kao glavni faktori uticaja na zdravlje ljudi pojavljuju neki rizici koji pre
samo par godina ili desetina godina nisu ni postojali. Iz istih razloga pristup temi rizika po životnu sredinu i zdravlje čoveka postao je problematičan i u razvijenim zemljama.
U nizu kritičnih situacija nastalih u oblasti zaštite životne sredine i zdravlja čoveka, različite države nisu imale adekvatne odgovore na nastale probleme. Kao na primer u
slučajevima sve češćih vanrednih situacija (poplave, akcidenti u industriji i saobraćaju itd.), aerozagađenja, novih rudarskih postrojenja, COVID, neadekvatne bezbednosti
hrane, zavisnosti od interneta, društvenih kriza itd. Jedan od glavnih razloga tome bio je upravo nedostatak odgovarajućih stručnjaka koji bi na pravi način mogli da sagledaju
ove probleme i ukažu stanovništvu i državnim aparatima kako treba ispravno postupati. Analizom navedenih problema ustanovili smo da postoji potreba da se kroz obrazovni
sistem stvore stručnjaci koji će, usvajanjem transdisciplinarnih znanja, na adekvatan način moći da odgovore svim savremenim izazovima u oblasti zaštite životne sredine i
zdravlja stanovništva. Postojeći obrazovni modeli, u okviru poslediplomske edukacije lekara, nisu u stanju da proizvedu takve stručnjake pa je neophodno sprovesti
transformaciju obrazovnog procesa u ovoj oblasti i to direktnom intervencijom u konceptu učenja usvojen primenom MCPB modula, a kroz primenu problem based blended
learning blocks modula sa integrisanim transdisciplinarnim znanjima(TransBlox), a koji će dopunjavati teorijsku i praktičnu nastavu u okviru Blended learning kurseva na
Moodle platformi. U okviru ovih modula, nakon uvodnog teksta u kojem se postavlja problem i istraživački cilj, svaki naredni korak će uključivati vođena pitanja prilagođena
rešavanju postavljenog problema. Ova pitanja će biti interaktivno dizajnirana, s mogućnošću biranja ponuđenih odgovora ili unošenja odgovora u predviđena polja.
Odgovarajući na vođena pitanja, student će postupno identifikovati ključne komponente koje treba razjasniti i, prateći logičan sled pitanja, učiti kako da sistematski rešava
problem. Korišćenje unapređenih modula omogućuje integraciju transdosciplinarnih znanja u nastavne kurikulume poslediplomskih studija i maksimalnu objektivnost u
praćenju nastave i ocenjivanju, kao i transparentnost i demokratičnost celokupnog nastavnog procesa.
Ključne reči: Transdisdiplinarnost, meta-kognicija, poslediplomsko obrazovanje lekara

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common and accounts for about 6.6% of all cancers in women. Aim: The aim was to determine the frequency of premalignant and malignant changes in the cervix, to examine the histological-cytological correlation of premalignant and malignant changes in the cervix and the correlation of the women's age with the stage of cervical disease. Material and Methods: A retrospective study analyzed 186 cervical biopsy specimens and cervical smears (Papanicolau test) at the Institute of Pathology of the Faculty of Medicine in Pristina, based in Kosovska Mitrovica, over a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. Results: Of the 186 subjects, 62 had mild premalignant changes of type LSIL, 22 HSIL, and as many as 20 (10.75%) cervical cancer. There was a statistically significant positive association between histological and cytological findings (r = 0.854; p <0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the age of the subjects with regard to histological findings (F = 11,327; p <0.001). Subjects with HSIL were significantly older than those diagnosed with cervicitis chronica (p = 0.029). Subjects diagnosed with planocellular carcinoma were significantly older than women with cervicitis chronica (p <0.001) and LSIL (p <0.001). Conclusion: There is an increasing trend of cervical cancer in Northern Kosovo and in the Serbian enclaves in central Kosovo and Metohija. Subjects with cervical cancer were significantly older than subjects with mild premalignant cervical changes. There is a significant histologic-cytological correlation of cervical findings, so we believe that more massive cervical screening, especially in younger women, could reduce the incidence of premalignant and malignant diseases of the cervix.

Introduction: Planning cluster randomized studies requires special attention due to their specific design. To achieve balance on a cluster level as well as on individual level, it is necessary to apply randomization techniques which involve restricted randomization. Objective: Determine randomization techniques as well as their frequency in protocols for cluster randomized trials. Materials and method: Searching the MEDLINE bibliographic database, there were 1020 bibliographic units, the analysis included only the protocols for cluster randomized trials, which was a total of 169 trials. Data on randomization techniques, units of randomization and publication years of protocols were extracted. Results: The randomization technique with most frequency was stratification (35.9%). After stratification the most frequent was simple randomization (13.5%), followed by a combination of block and stratification (10%), block randomization (9.4%) and matching (9.4%). The most frequent units of randomization were health facilities (52%). The number of published protocols statistically increases during time (p<0.01). Conclusion: The most frequent randomization technique used by researchers is restricted randomization

Validity shows the degree of concurrence between the results received by an actual measuring and that of what an instrument is supposed to measure. There are three main types of validity: content validity, criterion-related validity and construct validity. Factor validity is a special approach to constructive validity, tested by statistical analysis called factor analysis. Hamilton rating scale for depression and Montgomery-Asberg depression scale are the most widely used psychiatric instruments. The aim was to carry out a systematic review of the literature on factor structure of psychiatric scales reported in different times during longitudinal studies. The units of analysis were published papers obtained by searching the two bibliographic databases: MEDLINE and PsycINFO. Factor validity of the HAMD scale was reported in 6 (0.09%) of 6590 studies which used this scale, whereas the factor validity of the MADRS scale was reported in 4 (0.2%) of 2051 studies which used the MADRS scale. The difference between the first and the last measuring in relation to values was not statistically significant: median of the number of extracted factors of the HAMD scale (p=0.371), median of total explained factor variance of the HAMD scale (p=0.250), median of variance explained by the first factor of the HAMD scale (p=0.125). Factor validity of the MADRS scale in repeated measuring also did not have statistically significant difference for the following values: median of the number of extracted factors of the MADRS scale (p=0.174), median of variance explained by the first factor of the MADRS scale (p=0.125). Coefficients of concurrent validity of the HAMD i MADRS depression scales show the trend of increase in longitudinal studies and their values are for about a third higher at the end of studies than in their beginning. Low frequency of reporting the data about reliability and validity of applied rating scales is the main problem in using the meta-analytical methods effectively to study changes in adequacy of measures in longitudinal studies.

Introduction: Soot usually occurs as a result of incomplete combustion of fuels containing carbon (fossil fuels - wood, coal). Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental threats to the urban population, which has harmful effects on human health, regardless of age. Objective to determine the extent to which the development of concentrations of soot in the air affects the air quality in the area tested. Methods: In the period from 2007. to 2011. the soot immission was followed at two sites: in Kosovska Mitrovica and Zvecan. The concentration of soot is determined by the reflectometric method. The statistical hypotheses were tested on statistical significance level of 0.05. Results: Overall, for both measuring points, there was a statistically significant change in value of the concentration of soot in the air (F = 6.779; p = 0.009). There was a significant increase in the concentration of soot in the air during the investigated years, with the highest values in 2010. and 2011. The average value of soot concentration for the period from 2007 to 2009 was 17.7 ± 21.3 mg / m while in the period from 2010. to 2011. it was 36.7 ± 45.2 µg/m , which represents a statistically significant difference (U = 910082.5; p<0.001). The amount of average concentrations of soot in the heating 3 3 season was 32.8 ± 44.2 µg/m while out of the heating season it was 16.8 ± 15.6 µg/m which is a statistically significant difference (U = 1030936; p <0.001). The distribution of average concentrations of soot in the air represented by month 3 showed the highest value in January at both measuring locations, in Kosovska Mitrovica 86.8 µg/m , and in Zvecan 34 3 µg/m . The total number of soot over the limit value in the period surveyed was in Kosovska Mitrovica 256 days, and in Zvecan 90 days.