Kompozitni materijali su, od svog uvođenja u stomatološku praksu, doživeli brojne modifikacije, ali i dalje postoji značajan prostor za njihovo
unapređenje. Bulk-fill kompoziti predstavljaju grupu savremenih kompozitnih materijala namenjenih za restauraciju bočnih zuba u slojevima debljine
od 4 do 5 mm, čime se smanjuje potreba za slojevitim apliciranjem materijala u dublje kavitete. Njihov razvoj proistekao je iz potrebe da se
restaurativna procedura pojednostavi, a kliničko vreme rada sa pacijentima skrati.
Polimerizaciona kontrakcija i neusklađen koeficijent termičke ekspanzije u odnosu na zubna tkiva predstavljaju glavne uzroke nastanka rezidualnih
napona na spoju ispun-zub, gubitka marginalnog integriteta, pojave mikropukotina, postoperativne preosetljivosti, kao i marginalne prebojenosti ili
sekundarnog karijesa u kasnijim fazama. Polimerizaciona kontrakcija kod bulk-fill kompozita iznosi između 1–2%, što je nešto niže u poređenju sa
univerzalnim kompozitima, dok kontrakcioni napon dostiže vrednosti od 1,7 do 2,4 MPa. Stepen konverzije u kliničkim uslovima kreće se između 50% i
70%, pri čemu oko 10% ostaje u vidu neizreagovanih monomera koji se mogu oslobađati u pljuvačku ili dentinski likvor, potencijalno negativno utičući
na pulpno tkivo. Efikasna polimerizacija zavisi od intenziteta svetlosti i njene prodornosti u dublje slojeve materijala. Visokoreaktivni fotoinicijatori,
poput Ivocerina, u kombinaciji sa povećanom translucencijom, omogućavaju bolju prohodnost svetlosti i bržu polimerizaciju, iako uz blago
kompromitovane estetske osobine. Inovacije kao što su modifikovani monomeri (npr. ekspandirajući monomeri), povećan sadržaj punilaca i dodatak
staklenih vlakana, doprinose smanjenju kontrakcionog napona i poboljšanju marginalnog integriteta. Povećana gustina umrežavanja u strukturi ovih
materijala rezultira većom tvrdoćom, boljom otpornošću na habanje i dugoročnom stabilnošću, što ukupno doprinosi superiornim mehaničkim
osobinama.
Uz pravilnu kliničku primenu, bulk-fill kompoziti omogućavaju značajno unapređenje efikasnosti u svakodnevnoj stomatološkoj praksi, bez ugrožavanja
kvaliteta restauracije, mehaničkih svojstava i marginalne adaptacije u poređenju sa univerzalnim kompozitima.
Ključne reči: Bulk-fill kompoziti, polimerizaciona kontrakcija, stepen konverzije, marginalna adaptacija

Introduction: Direct and indirect pulp capping is a therapeutic procedure to preserve the tooth's vitality. The aim was to scan electron and polarization microscopy: analyze changes in cellular and extracellular components of dental pulp after direct and indirect overlay with glass-ionomer cement (GIC), determine the appearance of the dentine surface after direct and indirect pulping overlap with GIC and forms a proposal for a clinical application of preparations if it provides good and effective dentingenesis. Methods: The experiment was performed on experimental animals (domestic swine). For this research, alkaline cement was used ALFAGAL* bejz. On the teeth of the experimental group, preparations of the V class were made from the vestibular side. Twenty-two teeth were made indirectly, and twenty –two teeth directly covered with pulp. After completion of the preparation, dentin is directly covered with glass-ionomer cement (GIC) Alfagal* bejz. Through the ALFAGAL material for definitively closing cavities (amalgam) is laid. On the teeth where the perforation of the pulp chamber was made, ALFAGAL bejz was loaded directly into the pulp chamber, and through this the cavity was definitely sealed with GIC FUJI IX (GC Japan). Suitably prepared teeth and pulp were observed by SEM and a polarization microscope. Results: By observing and analyzing the obtained results, on a polarization and scanning electron microscope compared to the control group, results were obtained which can have a significant clinical implication in the biological treatment of the pulp. Alfagalbejz is directly applied in the pulp chamber: the boundary between newly developed reparative dentine is detected in the normal dentine structure, amorphous dentine, reproduction of connective tissue cells without pro inflammatory reactions and initial dedifferentiation in odontoblast, young blood vessels and cells (fibrocytes, histiocytes and fibroblasts) are observed. Indirectly applied Alfagal* bejz indicates the presence of different maturation stages of dentin, dentinal canals are clearly visible with a normal dentin structure, zero amorphous dentine and immature dentine structure are observed as well. The presence of an amorphous calcite of the dentine structure indicates the initial creation of a solid tissue barrier, which is the goal of the experiment. Conclusion: The results obtained by experimental research suggest ALFAGAL bejz as a good material for the direct and indirect overlap of the pulp.

The mos Tooth whitening is a procedure that removes stains and various discolorations of tooth surface. Discoloration of teeth may be endogenous and exogenous nature. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of bleaching combined with daily use of drinks that cause tooth discoloration. Evaluated the changes in surface structure of enamel, and changes in hardness after bleaching. Were 20 extracted teeth. The teeth are marked with longitudinal lines halves (medial vestibular and distal surfaces). Tretitana mesial half of the 16% carbamide peroxide, a distal was left as control. NDT device HL400DL, duroskopskom method of enamel hardness was measured before treatment, after treatment and after remineralization. Olympus inverted microscope GX41 enamel structures were observed in the treated and control half of the tooth. After bleaching there is a difference compared to the untreated surface, that surface is bleached a few shades lighter, but after the use of coffee and soft drinks teeth back to the original dark color. Enamel microhardness after the treatment is somewhat small but not significant. With a magnification of 2000x and see the structural changes in enamel. Tooth whitening, but that the remineralization and the abstinence from prebojenih beverages and tobacco.