Praxis Medica

30.06.2025.

Professional paper

UTICAJ PSIHOAKTIVNIH SUPSTANCI NA FUNKCIJU BUBREGA

Droga se dugo koristila u rekreativne svrhe. Još su Arapski trgovci u 3. veku pre n.e. pušili opijum a Asteci su na sličan način uživali efekat halucinogenih pečuraka.
Zloupotreba psihoaktivnih supstanci u svetu je u stalnom porastu a više od 40% mladih, u jednom trenutku je konzumiralo nedozvoljene droge.
Bubrežne komplikacije, kao posledica zloupotrebe droga obuhvataju širok spektar glomerulskih, intersticijalnih i vaskularnih poremećaja. Iako neke psihoaktivne supstance
deluju direktno nefrotoksično, postoje i drugi mehanizmi koji potenciraju njihovu nefrotoksičnost. Ovi efekti često su hronični i nepovratni ali i akutni sa mogućim oporavkom
bubrežnih funkcija.
Heroin ima više nefrotoksičnih komplikacija a jedna od najozbiljnijih je koma uslovljena predoziranjem, koja dovodi do pritiskom indukovanog oštećenja mišića i do
rabdomiolize, sa konsekventnom hipotenzijom, hipoksijom, acidozom i dehidratacijom. Heroinom indukovana nefropatija se klinički manifestuje nefrotskim sindromom koji
može da progredira do terminalne faze bubrežne slabosti. Biopsija bubrega u ovakvim slučajevima pokazuje fokalno segmentnu glomerulosklerozu.
I morfijum može imati direktan efekat na glomerule, izazivajući proliferaciju fibroblasta, smanjujući degradaciju IV tipa kolagena.
Kokain je alkaloid koji se apsorbuje kroz bilo koju sluzokožu, poluživot mu je 30-90 min, metaboliše se 80-90% a ostatak se izlučuje nepromenjen mokraćom, gde se njen
metabolit može detektovati za 36-48 sati. Akutno bubrežno oštećenje nastaje nakon upotrebe kokaina i to kao posledica rabdomiolize. Mišićna ishemija je uzrokovana
produženom vazokonstrikcijom mišićnih arterija. Kokain može izazvati mezangijalnu proliferaciju koja uslovljava fokalno-segmentnu glomerulosklerozu.
Ekstazi se brzo apsorbuje, dostiže svoj pik za oko 2 sata, metaboliše se u jetri a izlučuje preko bubrega. Neželjeni efekti su gubitak apetita, mučnina, povraćanje, glavobolja,
trizmus, grčevi ili ozbiljne konvulzije, hiperpireksija, disfunkcija jetre, rabdomioliza, intravaskularna koagulacija i akutna bubrežna insuficijencija.
Benzodiazepin je oko 70% intravenskih zavisnika koristilo u nekom trenutku svog života. Akutna bubrežna insuficijencija najčešće nastaje nakon nesmotrene intraarterijske
aplikacije ovog leka koji izaziva ishemiju ekstremiteta, kao rezultat embolizacije i posledičnu rabdomiolizu i mioglobinuriju.
Neke pečurke mogu izazvati halucinogene efekte nakon ingestije. Nefrotoksična supstanca Orelanin, kao njihov sastavni deo, može zamaskirati nefrotoksični uticaj pa se
oligurija razvija tek nakon 5-12 dana od njihove upotrebe. Kod nekih pacijenata bubrežna insuficijencija može biti tranzitna a u nekim stanjima može biti ireverzibilna.
Postoje dokazi da pušenje, kod dijabetičara i hipertenzivaca, ubrzava progresiju bubrežne insuficijencije povećavajući glomerulsku hiperfiltraciju koja se smatra prvom fazom
u razvoju dijabetesne nefropatije.
Namerno udisanje rastvarača ispoljava nefrotoksični efekat uticajem na tubulointersticijsku povratnu spregu. Konsekutivna tubulska acidoza mobiliše kalcijum iz kostiju,
hiperkalciuriju i posledičnu kalkulozu urinarnih puteva.
Alkohol uslovljava glomerulopatiju koja je histološki identična sa IgA nefropatijom a manifestuje se mikrohematurijom.
Zloupotreba psihoaktivnih supstanci predstavlja veliki zdravstveni problem, zbog toga bi podizanje svesti o njihovim potencijalnim neželjenim efektima moglo biti od koristi
kod osoba koje ove supstance koriste po prvi put. Osim zdravstvenih, zloupotreba psihoaktivnih supstanci može povećati i ekonomski teret na fondove zdravstvene zaštite, što
implicira neophodnost da korisnici psihoaktivnih supstanci imaju potrebu za intenzivnim programima monitoringa i tretmana.
Ključne reči: zloupotreba, psihoaktivne supstance, bolest bubrega, nefrotoksičnost, komplikacije

Radojica Stolić

01.12.2021.

Professional paper

The impact of body weight on the secondary osification centers development and the term of closure of the anterior fontanelle in infants

Introduction: during the infant development, the organ growth is influenced by genetic factors, diet, hormones and many neuropeptides. The secondary ossification center in the hip joint begins to form around the 4th month of life. Primary dentition begins at the age of 5-6 months with the emergence of the central incisor in the maxilla. At birth, 6 fontanelles are present between the plate bones of the cranium. The largest is the anterior or large fontanelle. Objective of our research is to analyze the development of the secondary ossification center in the femoral head in relation to dentition and closure of the anterior fontanelle closure as well as influence of childrens' birth weight and current weight on these processes. Methodology: The study included 284 infants, male and female, aged 3 to 8 months. Clinical examination of the musculoskeletal system, anthropomentric measurements and ultrasonographic findings of the hip joint were performed at the Pediatric Clinic of the Clinical Hospital Center Pristina in Gracanica. Results: The development of secondary ossification centre correlated with child's age, dentition, anterior fontanelle closure, birth weight and delivery method, as well as actual body weight. Anterior fontanelle size was inversely related to age, body weight and secondary ossification. Conclusions: According to regression analysis, body weight is the only factor that has a direct and independent impact on the onset and progression of ossification process. Every additional kilogram of a child's body weight accelerates secondary ossification by 1.3-3.77 times.

Snežana Marković-Jovanović, Aleksandar Jovanović, Radojica Stolić, Milica Popović, Danijela Ivanović

01.12.2020.

Professional paper

A new scoring system for Covid-19 in patients on hemodialysis: Modified Early Warning score

Introduction. At the very beginning of the Corona virus epidemic there was not enough data on whether hemodialysis patients have a higher risk for Corona virus infection and which factors may affect the severity of clinical picture. Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the significance of the Modified Early Warning Assessment (MEWS) score for the assessment of coronavirus disease exacerbation. Methods. The research was conducted in COVID dialysis, as a retrospective, descriptive-analytical study, at the University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Serbia, which was organized ad-hoc for treatment of SARS-Cov-2 infection positive patients, which are transfered from Center for Hemodialysis "Ćuprija". They were evaluated routine laboratory findings, demographic and gender structure, arterial blood pressure, presence of comorbidities and residual diuresis, duration of dialysis, radiological evaluation of lungs, determination of MEWS score were the parameters that were monitored. The results were monitored on admission and and in the end of treatment. Results. A statistically significant difference was registered in serum lactate dehydrogenase concentration (486 ± 107.62 vs. 423.7 ± 92.4 U/L); p = 0.022 and absolute monocyte count (0.46 ± 0.15 vs. 0.67 ± 0.34 x 103; p = 0.008). The significant increase in MEWS score was also found (b = 0.017; p = 0.030). There was a positive correlation between increase of MEWS score and age (b = 0.027; p = 0.002) and arterial hypertension as a concomitant comorbidity (b = 0.700; p = 0.033). Conclusion. In the observed period, there was a significant increase in the degree of MEWS score of dialysis patients who had SARS-Cov-2 infection.

Radojica Stolić, Dragica Bukumirić, Milena Jovanović, Tomislav Nikolić, Tatjana Labudović, Vekoslav Mitrović, Kristina Bulatović, Saša Sovtić, Dušica Miljković, Aleksandra Balović, Roksanda Krivcević, Sanja Jovanović

01.12.2019.

Professional paper

Oral health in patients with chronic kidney disease

Objective: In the available literature data, there is not much information about problems of patients with end stage kidney disease in relation to oral health. Our objective was to show the importance of oral diseases for patients on hemodialysis. Data sources: In this review article, the sources of data are review articles and scientific articles in the English language published in MEDLINE database. The choice of studies was based on keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Hemodialysis, Oral health, Periodontal diseases. Results: It is assumed that almost 90% patients with chronic kidney disease manifest some symptoms of oral disease. Therefore, it is important to determine the impact of periodontal disease on the progression of kidney failure in these individuals, to evaluate inflammatory parameters in this patient population, to assess the degree of bone loss and periodontal disease index, to determine the presence of bacterial strains, paradontopathy of gingival fluid and antibody titers, to examine correlations of proinflammatory cytokines in the gingival sulcus and serum, as well as to determine the relationship between periodontal tissue and inflammatory mediators. Periodontal diseases can increase the possibility of developing chronic kidney disease by 1.5 to 2 times. These oral diseases include gingival hyperplasia, periodontitis, xerostomia, unpleasant breath, changes in the oral mucosa, malignancies, oral infections, dental abnormalities and bone lesions. Conclusion: This requires serious cooperation between nephrologists and dentists to make proper communication possible, in order to provide quality dental care for this growing patient population in accordance with new treatment strategies.

Radojica Stolić, Vekoslav Mitrović, Naja Suljković, Dušica Miljković-Jakšić, Aleksandra Balović, Roksanda Krivčević, Sanja Jovanović

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Contents

UTICAJ PSIHOAKTIVNIH SUPSTANCI NA FUNKCIJU BUBREGA

The impact of body weight on the secondary osification centers development and the term of closure of the anterior fontanelle in infants

A new scoring system for Covid-19 in patients on hemodialysis: Modified Early Warning score

Oral health in patients with chronic kidney disease