This article focuses on the sonographic axamination techique for evaluation of intracranial translucencies during the first trimester ultrasound scan. Appropriate knowledge of sonographic landmarks is the most important factor for evaluation normal as well as abnormal brain structure, and this examination may enable detection of open spina bifida and Arnold – Chiari anomaly at an early stage of fetal develpoment.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common and accounts for about 6.6% of all cancers in women. Aim: The aim was to determine the frequency of premalignant and malignant changes in the cervix, to examine the histological-cytological correlation of premalignant and malignant changes in the cervix and the correlation of the women's age with the stage of cervical disease. Material and Methods: A retrospective study analyzed 186 cervical biopsy specimens and cervical smears (Papanicolau test) at the Institute of Pathology of the Faculty of Medicine in Pristina, based in Kosovska Mitrovica, over a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. Results: Of the 186 subjects, 62 had mild premalignant changes of type LSIL, 22 HSIL, and as many as 20 (10.75%) cervical cancer. There was a statistically significant positive association between histological and cytological findings (r = 0.854; p <0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the age of the subjects with regard to histological findings (F = 11,327; p <0.001). Subjects with HSIL were significantly older than those diagnosed with cervicitis chronica (p = 0.029). Subjects diagnosed with planocellular carcinoma were significantly older than women with cervicitis chronica (p <0.001) and LSIL (p <0.001). Conclusion: There is an increasing trend of cervical cancer in Northern Kosovo and in the Serbian enclaves in central Kosovo and Metohija. Subjects with cervical cancer were significantly older than subjects with mild premalignant cervical changes. There is a significant histologic-cytological correlation of cervical findings, so we believe that more massive cervical screening, especially in younger women, could reduce the incidence of premalignant and malignant diseases of the cervix.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common carcinomas in the female population; second in frequency. In the female population it makes up 12% of all malignant diseases. In general it takes the third place in frequency and ahead of it is the breast carcinoma and the colorectal carcinoma. Data accessed by WHO (World Health Organization) indicates that every year in the world around half a million women suffers cervical cancer, which is a significant number, of which 230.000, unfortunately, ends with lethal outcome, 83% of which comes from developing countries. In Montenegro, in 2006, 974 women died due to malignant neoplasm. In Europe, 65.000 women suffers cervical cancer, and 32.000 dies a in a year, with a significant increase in incidence and mortality in the last few years with younger population.

During pregnancy, many women experience vaginal infections due weakening of the immune system and changes in hormonal status. The symptoms that accompany this occurrence are common: burning, itching, pain during sexual intercourse and abundant malodorous discharge. Treatment of these infections is essential and must be vigorously and effectively, both for the mother and the fetus, because women are at high risk of serious complications, such as premature birth and miscarriage. This problem requires serious approach.

Often the only available way of checking the adequacy of HD reaching dry weight after completion of dialysis treatment or monitoring arterial blood pressure. The goal of this paper is to show whether echocardiographic index measuring inspiratory collapse VCI can further assist in assessing the state of hydration of patients on HD. Method: In a study that we conducted on the UDK in Belgrade Centre for HD at 20 toro children on HD (before and after HD) and 20 healthy children, the control group. The M mode echocardiography we measured the diameter of the inferior vena cava (VCI) and calculated the index VCI inspiratory collapse. Also, accompanied by the correlation of these parameters with the dimensions of the left atrium, left ventricular in diastolic and body weight. Results: Children were before HD was significantly higher static diameter VCI and LA diameter compared to the control group (p <0.05). Index is collapsed before the HD was be substantially lower than in the control group (p <0.05). After HD LA diameter was still significantly higher than in the control group (p <0.05). while the other parameters were not statistically be substantially different. Index collapsing VCI differed significantly before and after HD (p <0.05), examining the correlation between VCI and diameter dimensions of the left ventricle during diastole (LVD) found a statistically significant positive correlation between these two parameters in all three groups of measurements (p <0.01). A statistically significant positive linear correlation was found between the VCI diameter and diameter of the left atrium (LA) in all three of measurements (p <0.01). A statistically significant positive linear correlation was found between the diameter of VCI and body weight in children after HD and control groups (p <0.01). CONCLUSION: Index collapsing and VCI in combination with other parameters can further improve the monitoring of the state of hydration and improve the quality of life of patients on hemodialysis.

Twin to twin transfusion sindrom (TTTTS) je patološko stanje gde blizanac donor „krvari“ u cirkulaciju fetusa recipijenta preko abnormalnih interblizanačkim placentnih anastomoza. Blizanac donor postaje anemičan, hipovolemičan, zaostaje u rastu i kao posledicu ima smanjenu urinarnu produkciju. Kako funkcija gutanja amnionske tečnosti nije oštećena, volumen plodove vode se progresivno smanjuje. Blizanac recipijent postaje hipervolemičan i policitemičan. Višak cirkulišuće krvi i nemogućnost adekvatne eliminacije nekada može da dovede do pojave hidropsa u težim slučajevima. Povećana urinarna produkcija recipijenta vodi pojavi polihidroamniona i prekomernoj distenziji amnionskog kavuma, kompresije i smanjnje perfuzije donora. Redukcija amnionske tečnosti kod donora rezultuje fiksacijom donora uz zid uterusa (najčešće prednji zid), (Slika 1.) (stanje nazvano stuck twin) 1,36.