Most fistula-in-ano arise as result of chronic infection of an intersphincteric anal glands and persistence may be related more to non-specific epitelisation of the track. Preoperative definition of the anatomy of the fistulous track and the internal opening plays a primary role in adequate planing of the operative approach to minimize iatrogenic damage of sphincters and fistula recurrence. The diagnosis of anal fistula generally is straightforward and is based on clinical features. By
using palpation of the perianal area, digital examination, and careful probing of the track, the fistula anatomy was defined.
Fistulography, radiografic evaluation, is not routinely indicated in the initial avaluation of fistulas but may be helpful in identyng an occult cause of recurrent or multiple fistulas or if examination is suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease. AIM:
is evaluation of importance of the fistulography for surgical treatment of the fistula-in-ano. The study is prospective. In includes 60 patients divided in two groupies, each 30 patients. Examined group was operated after clinical findings by using
careful probing of the track and fistulography. Control group was operated after clinical findings by using careful probing of the track. In patients, examined group, treated with fistulography allowed a corect diagnosis of primary track 43.3%, secondary track 40.0%, horseshoe track 50.0% and internal opening in 40.0% of patients. The clinical findings, in the same group patients, allowed diagnosis of primary track 76.6%, secondary track 60.0%, horseshoe track 100% and internal opening in 73.3% of patients. Preoperative definition of fistulous track and internal opening by physical examination and its relationship with anal sphincters are important factors influencing the results of surgical management. We do not recommend routine fistulography in the diagnosis of fistula-in-ano. 

The surface area of the small intestine is enhanced by three morphologic features that are peculiar to the gut: plicae circulares, the villi and the microvilli. The plicae circulares (circular folds) consist of mucosal/submucosal invaginations that are predominantly located in the duodenum and jejunum. These infoldings are visible on gross inspection. The intestinal villi, finger-like projections that protrude into the intestinal lumen, are approximately 0,5-1,5 mm long and cover the mucosal surface. They can be viewed by close inspection of the mucosa under low-power microscopy. Their microscopic appearance varies: duodenal villi are characteristically broad and leaf-shaped, jejunal villi are tall and thin, and ileal villi are short and broad. The length and shape of the villi also vary with geographic region. At the base of the villi, the epithelium enters the lamina propria and forms the crypts of Lieberkühn, which extend almost to the muscularis mucosae. The microvilli are sub-light microscopic tubular projections that are extensions of the apical cell membrane and compose the brush border. There are the enzymes and receptors in these structures which are required for terminal digestion and absorption

Chronic appendicitis presents inflammation of appendix with atypical clinical findings, without significant signs
and symptoms. Because of that diagnosing chronic appendicitis presumes a great problem. Indications for operative treatment based on clinical impression are followed with a great number of unnecessary appendectomies. Barium enema can show morphlogic changes of appendix during its chronic inflammation. Our aim was to show values of barium enema in diagnosing chronic appendicitis. Study went prospectively, in period 1999-2001 on Clinic for abdominal and endocrine
surgery, Institute for surgery Novi Sad. It includes 100 patients with symptoms, 50 of them were operated after barium
enema, and other 50 were operated after clinical impression of surgeon. Each appendix was patohistologicaly examined.
Incidental appendectoies were exluded. Of total 1425 appendectomies in three years period, 100 were operatde because of chronic appendicitis. Fifty of them were operated after barium enema, and other 50 were operated after clinical impression of surgeon. Range of years was 15 59 in examined group with average 35,6 years. In control group range was 15 57, with average 32,9 years. Lasting of pain episode more than 12 hours had 94% of patients in examined group, and 72% of patients in control group had painn less than 24 hourrs. During of pain episodes at 92% of patients from examined group was 3 weeks to 12 months, and 86% of patients from control group had pain standing 3-36 weeks. The most common sign on barium enema was finding of coprolites in lumen (52%), followed with unfilled appendix (18%, angulations (10%), distal amputation (8%), segmentation of contrast (8%), and fixated appendix (4%). Intraoperative macroscopic findings were as followed: 40/50 coprolites in lumen, 7/50 fibrous bounds, and 3/50 fibroses of appendix. Patohistologicaly, chronic appendicitis was confirmed at 90% of patients in examined group, and 58% in control group. After surgery, 94% of patients from examined group don't feel the preoperative pain. Barium enema significantly increases of chronic appendicitis. It is non-invasive, and reliable method for showing morphologic changes of chronic appendix. Use of barium enema dereases number of unnecessary appendectomies. Barium enema is suggested for evaluation of patients with chronic pain in right lower quadrant of abdomen, and thereby for diagnosing of chronic appendicitis. 

Anorectal abscesses and fistulas are problems that are commonly encountered together. Occasionally, their management can prove to be formidable, constantly challenging the clinical and surgical skills of the practicing surgeon. This article reviews the etiology, presentation, and treatment of anorectal abscesses and fistulas.