Prostate cancer (CP) is the most common malignancy in men in America, while it is the second most common in Europe. It is responsible for about 10% of cancer deaths in the same population. It is clinically manifested in various forms, from slow-growing to aggressive forms with pronounced metastatic potential. Diagnosis is made by a well-defined algorithm, which begins with the determination of serum prostate specific antigen values and ends with prostate biopsy as the "gold standard". Pathohistological diagnostic criterias are based on architectural, cytoplasmic, nuclear and characteristics of intraluminal structures, as well as periacinar cleftings, which are deffined as helpfull diagnostic criteria of undoubted importance. Prognostic and predictive parameters are classified into three categories. Some of them are an integral part of routine pathohistologicat report, while others are considered as the diagnostic process progresses. Modern knowledge introduces biomarkers into the everyday practice of personalized medicine, especially when is necessary to treat prostate cancer patients.

Determination of preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value is primary procedure in diagnosis of different pathological prostate changes (prostate cancer-PC, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia-PIN and benign prostatic hyperplasia-BPH), followed by digital rectal examination and prostate biopsy as gold standard. Disadvantage of high sensitivity and low specificity of PSA testing in diagnosis of PC is a problem in clinical practice. Aim was to determine the diagnostic performance of PSA in diagnosis of PC, PIN and BPH. The study included 100 patients divided into three groups: 70 with PC, 20 with a PIN and 10 with BPH. Patients with PIN and BPH were control group. Preoperative PSA values were determined by Tandem-R, The patients were divided into subgroups by baseline PSA level as follows: 4-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40 and> 40. The definitive histopathological diagnosis was made on routine hematoxylineosin slides. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), sensitivity-SE and specificity-SP of each PSA level were evaluated for PC. Preoperative serum PSA levels in patients with PC (median-35.82 ng/ml, min-6 ng/ml, max-960.40 ng/ml) were significantly higher than with PIN (median-9.15 ng/ml, min-3.16 ng/ml, max-27.61 ng/ml) and BPH (median-8.68 ng/ml, min0.80 ng/ml, max-31.20 ng/ml). The best diagnostic characteristics of the PSA are on limit value 10 ng/ml (AUC=0.781, SE=92.9%; SP=63.3%; p<0,0001). PSA is of great help in diagnosis of advanced and initial form of PC. The chance of PC diagnosis was greater than that for other pathological changes when PSA level was higher than 10 ng/ml.

Standardized staging of tumors takes into account the depth of invasion of the intestinal wall and the presence of local or distant metastases, specifically focusing to precisely estimate length of patient survival. This assessment system does not fully reflect the biological behaviour of cancer individually, ie. tumor aggressiveness and ability of recurrence tumor after medical treatment. Futuremore, cancer at some patients have more aggressive growth than other carcinomas in the same clinical stage, because there are other parameters that determine the biological behaviors of colon cancer, which are not included in the standard classification of determining tumor stage. One of the recent arguments which are due in the spotlight is "tumor budding", which represents one cell or group of up to five non-differentiated tumor cells, which are found in the stroma out of the invasive front line of cancer. There are 92 colon cancer and upper rectum processed, which are collected at General Hospital in Trebinje and Medical Center in Kosovska Mitrovica. The aim is to determine whether there is a correlation between the number of tumor budding and stage of tumors in colorectal cancer. The tumor stage is determined by Astler Coller classification. Investigation, based on χ2-test, leads to the conclusion that there is not a statistical significance in tumor budding distribution in relation to tumor stage according to the Astler Coller classification (p = 0.383; p> 0.05).