Introduction: The most common causes of renal artery disease are stenosis, as a consequence of atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia. Computed tomographic (CT) angiography is a non-invasive method, which enables visualization of vascular structures and walls of blood vessels, as well as morphology of the renal parenchyma. Objective: To determine the importance of CT angiography in detecting the cause and degree of renal arterial disease. Methods: A total of 45 patients were included in the cross-sectional study conducted from March 2017 to March 2019 in the KBC DR Dragiša Mišović-Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia. Criteria for inclusion were suspicion of secondary arterial hypertension, patients in preparation for kidney transplantation and in the follow-up period after transplantation, as well as patients with suspected traumatic lesions. We analyzed the causes of the disease, the morphology of the blood vessel wall, the percentage of stenosis, and the renal parenchyma. Results: The most common causes of renal arterial disease are atherosclerosis, which was found in 33 (73%) patients, renal artery aneurysm was found in 5 (11%) subjects, fibromuscular dysplasia in 4 (8.9%) and trauma in 1 (2) , 3%) of the patient. There were 10 (22.2%) patients with a significant (average 80 ± 14.5%) degree of stenosis. The sensitivity of CT angiography in the detection of atherosclerotic changes in the renal arteries was 87.9%, while the sensitivity of CT angiography in the detection of fibromuscular dysplasia was 75%. A statistically significant correlation was found between atherosclerotic stenosis of the renal arteries and a positive CTA finding (p = 0.0002). Conclusion: CT angiography is an important method of visualization and quantification of pathological changes in the renal arteries.

Introduction: Glaucoma diagnosis is based on consideration of several factors, such as increased intraocular pressure (IOP), damage to the optical disc, and associated visual field loss. Evaluation of the integrity of the corneal endothelium and monitoring of the corneal thickness is indispensable during the preoperative preparation for phacoemulsification. These data are of great importance for later treatment and monitoring of early and late postoperative complications.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the central corneal thickness immediately before and after cataract surgery in patients with primary glaucoma (open and closed angle), comparing them with patients who do not have diagnosed glaucoma. Materials and methods: A prospective study covered a total of 159 subjects who performed cataract surgery by the method of phacoemulsification with the implantation of the intraocular lens in the posterior chamber at the Clinic for Eye Diseases at the Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade in 2017 and 2018. Pre-operative patients are classified into two groups. The first group with a primary glaucoma consisted of 71 respondents, with an open angle 41 with glaucoma, and a closed angle glaucoma 30. The second group consisted of people who did not have a diagnosed glaucoma, 88 of them. The central corneal thickness was measured using an ultrasound pachymeter. The measurements were made before the operation, 24 hours, 10 and 30 days after the operation, trying to get all done at the same time of day.

Results: Between patients without glaucoma (BG), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary glaucoma of closed angle (PACG), there is a statistically significant difference in median age (χ2 = 10.102; DF = 2; p = 0, 006). Among the observed groups there were statistically significant differences in the values measured preoperatively (χ2 = 10.265; DF = 2; p = 0.006). Among the observed groups, there was no statistically significant difference in the values measured in the first postoperative day (χ2 = 4.364; DF = 2; p = 0.099), nor in the 10th postoperative day (χ2 = 3.250; DF = 2; p = 0.197); 30 days after surgery (χ2 = 1.427; DF = 2; p = 0.490). In each of the groups individually, the appearance of oedema or a very statistically significant difference in the first and tenth postoperative day. Statistically significant difference was present 30 days after surgery, but far less compared to early postoperative period.

Conclusion: Based on the values obtained in this prospective study, we estimate that monitoring of corneal thickness has a mandatory place in the observation of patients after cataract surgery. We found that there is no difference in preoperative measurement only between groups without glaucoma and open angle glaucoma. Measurements performed in the first, tenth, thirtieth day do not differ in groups, but edema restitutin in the 30-th day was observed in all observed groups. 

Introduction: The presence of malignant altered axillary lymph nodes, and their timely detection is crucial for staging and prognosis of breast cancer. Echotomographic examinations are widely used technique, and represents one of the first tests of diagnostic modalities. Classic B mode, Doppler sonography, and MicroPure testing technique, allow a comprehensive assessment of the detailed morphology and internal structure of the nodes (number, location, size, shape, borders, echogenicity, edema of the surrounding soft-tissue, the presence of microcalcifications), and determination of their nature. Objective:The aim is to determine the role of echotomographic review the morphology, determining the nature and setting guidelines for diagnostic testing algorithm for malignant altered axillary lymph nodes. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 212 echotomographic tested axillary lymph nodes in the Department of Radiological Diagnostics KBC "Dr Dragisa Mišović-Dedinje" in Belgrade, in the period from February 2016.do March 2017. All patients were examined in the supine position with arms in abduction, and external rotation. The following parameters: shape, size, and homogeneity of the echo-structure, edge, an auxiliary structures such as intranodal necrosis, edema and peripheral vascularization, as well as the presence of microcalcifications, using classical B mode, Doppler sonography and MicroPure technique. For all examinations we used Toshiba device, Aplio XG, 10MHz linear transducer. Results: Of a total of 212 tested nodule, histopathology was also verified 44 malignantly changed (21%), 4 of which the primary (9%) in a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma, and secondary 40 (91%) in patients with breast cancer. Other nodes 168 (79%) were normal-reactive. The best performance in the echotomographic examinations are the criteria of: the shape (longitudinal cross-ratio <2) with a sensitivity of 86.9%, presence of microcalcifications with sensitivity of 83,7%, hilus (not clearly defined, and hypoechogenic) with sensitivity of 81.8%, the size (transverse diameter greater than 8mm), with a sensitivity of 79.2%, as well as echogenicity (hypo to anechogenic) with sensitivity of 73.1%. Conclusion: Echotomographic review is a useful imaging modality in evaluating the morphology and nature of axillary lymph nodes, but none echotomographic criterion in itself is not enough reliable in evaluating malignancy. Meticulousness when reviewing and examining all the criteria and modalities (B mode, Doppler, MicroPure) remain imperative in the diagnostic algorithm of tests axillary lymph nodes.

Introduction: In adults the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis is primarily based on clinical and laboratory-biochemical testing. In patients where the clinical picture atypical, even if a person does not respond to therapy resorts to radiographic examination. Echotomographic examination is unavoidable in the diagnostic algorithm. Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the individual echotomographic parameters, as well as to determine their diagnostic power in patients with acute infections (pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis), and comparing them with the appropriate reference tests. Materials and methods: We performed a cross sectional study in the period from October 2014. until May 2015. It included 50 patients with acute inflammation of the kidney which was made echotomographic examination of the abdomen and pelvis, within the Department of Radiological Diagnostics KBC "Dragisa Mišović-Dedinje" in Belgrade. The echotomographic examination of the kidneys included testing of numerous parameters that could indicate the existence of an acute inflammation of the kidney. For the gold standard, we take the findings obtained by CT (computed tomography) imaging of the abdomen and pelvis, as well as histopathological findings obtained by fine needle bio-psy. Results: At 50 patients with acute inflammation of the upper urinary tract, 41 patients (82%) had acute pyelonephritis, and 9 (18%) had acute glomerulonephritis. In 70% of patients with acute pyelonephritis (29 people) were present enlargement of the kidney where the test sensitivity was 79.3% and specificity of 91.7%. The accuracy of the method was 82.9% when the monitored parameters: loss of central echo complex and cortico-medullary differentiation. The sensitivity of the test in which the observed thickening of the pelvic and ureteric wall was 65% and specificity of 90%. The analysis of the presence of calculus in renal parenchyma leads to the values of sensitivity test of 54.8% and specificity of 80%. Hypoechoic focus in the renal parenchyma, enlargement of the kidneys and loss corticomedullar limits are parameters who with great sensitivity and specificity suggest acute glomerulonephritis. Conclusion: On the basis of high values of sensitivity and specificity of the test survey estimates that ultrasound has a required place in the following diagnostics algorithm. The use of echotomography that offer the possibility of high resolutive views, as well as the wide availability and good reproducibility of the method, the low cost of inspection, in favor of the first exploration ultrasound examination. Multidetector CT scan and fine needle biopsy remains the method of choice for the definitive diagnosis.