In the region of the thorax there are ten till twelve ganglia (ganglia thoracica); wich are white; triangle and irregular shape; rarely fusiform (spindle-shaped) or round. In the upper part of the thorax; ganglia are located in front of of the neck of ribs (collum costae); and in the middle part they are in front of head of ribs (caput costae). In the lower parts; they are near the vertebral bodies; therefore both of the trunks are slightly convergent. In this part; there are no branches which connected both sides of the sympathetic trunk. Lipofucin is yellow-brown; autofluorescent pigment; accumulated during aging in the lysosome of postmitotic cells; such as neurons.

The origin of ophthalmic artery (OA) and surrounding structures was investigated in 25 cadavers by three different methods: macroscopic, stereomicroscopic, and histological observations. The following results were obtained. In 42% of the specimens the origin of the OAwas observable in the cranial cavity and defined as the intradural type, running alongside the optic nerve within the subarachnoid space. The other 58% were named the extradural type of the OA, originated within the cavernous wall or cavity, and entered directly the optic dural sheath, thus no part of the OA was visible in the cranial cavity. OApassed through the optic canal within the dural sheath of the optic nerve. In 44% of our specimens the OAwas on the inferomedial side of the optic nerve at the entrance point to the optic canal. OAleft the optic canal at its lateral border in the apex of the orbit in 72% of our specimens. For descriptive purposes the intraorbital course of the ophthalmic artery has been divided into three parts. The first part usually runs along the infero lateral aspect of the optic nerve. The second part crosses over (in 88%) or under the optic nerve running in a medial direction. The third part extends medially to its termination. These anatomical data may provide important information for understanding the variety of the pathology in this region and is also useful for designing operative strategies.

Patients with epilepsy more often than healthy individual have cognitive disorders, what may be the result of different factors, among which significant place occupy the treatment with antiepileptic drugs. Topiramate is the new antiepileptic drug, which is related with high efficiency in the reduction seazures, and also whit high prevalention of cognitive adverse events. Purpose of our study is to clarify the role of depression in developing cognitive adverse events during therapy with topiramate in patients with refractory epilepsy. In the prospective stady we followed 40 adult patients with refractory epilepsy, which treatement took place on the Institute of neurology Clinical center of Serbia. All patients are neuropsychological tested twice. First time before the start of therapy with topiramate on basic antiepileptic therapy, and next time two months after the achieving of stable dose of 200mg/day. We used neuropsychological tests for evaluation attention, concentration, visual and verbal memory, speech, executive functions, divergent opinion and visual construction abilities. For estimate degree of depression we used Hamilton's scale of depression. Patients with the depressive manifestation had lower scores on cognitive tests in comparition to patients without the depression, before and after introductions topiramate. More the score of depression was larger, the scores of neuropsychological tests have been worse. Depression has bad influence on the cognitive functioning and her presence in the patients with epilepsy increases the risk from development of cognitive adverse events of topiramate.

Traumas of CNS are more often and more complex than ever, also the influence of the factors of environment are more destructing, so all of them require detail knowledge of the morphology and functions of the nervous system. It is necessary for the faster and more accurate diagnosis in clinical medicine, and also it is necessary in preventing diseases of CNS. Modern neuroimaging procedures such as CT, MRI, PET, require precise knowledge of both morphologic variations of human brain , and the relation between morphology and function. In this kind of research the best solution is combination of descriptive and quantitative methods

Old age can be defined as a variety of changes in structure and function which begin at the stage of reproductive maturity, and that changes are manifested as a lesser ability of adaptation and lesser way of defending from the influence of outside and inside factors. Neurons of sympathetic trunk, as well as the other neuron cells, are changeable during the life. Neurobiological, old age begins at the time of birth, because the number of neurons is not increasing, it's only getting lower, which means that neurons are post mitotic cells. The process of old age is increased with some degenerative changes at some diseases and its hard to know what belongs to, so called, physiologic way of getting old and what is pathologic. Concentration of lipofuscin in cells (pigment of old age), is the parameter for physiologic old age of a person. Concentration is changeable, and it depends from the tissue or the organ, concentration is controlled by the internal regulatory factors and the factors of environment as the way of nutrition, physical activity, stress and hygienic factors.

Identification of the deceased is routine and, for experts, quite a simple forensic procedure. However, in the case of
mass accidents such as explosions, traffic accidents, natural disasters, and during the war everything is much more different.
There are a lot of differences between forensic medicine in the peace and the forensic medicine during the war. The cause of
this claim comes from special conditions for performing the forensic procedures during the war, with much more activities,
a lot of differences and special characteristics of war injuries. We have in mind mass war injuries and great number of victims, which can grow till catastrophic proportions. That includes killing a great number of people in different places, in
different military units and civilian settlements. The identification of these victims is, certainly, the most important and permanent task of forensic medicine which consider, first of all, collecting, identification and transportation of the victims. The
complexity of these tasks is severe when mass deaths occur, but also when killings happened in the different locations in the
same time, also, during the discovering of the victims which become putrefied and decay, where the biggest problem is to
identify the victim and determine the cause of death.