Disturbances of thyroid function are often accompanied by cognitive and affective disorders. Assessment of cognitive status in the patients with subclinical hypothyroidism represents a possibility for early diagnostics of cognitive impairment and timely introduction of necessary pharmacotherapy treatment. The aim of this study was to quantify whether there are P3 event related potential (ERP) deviations as electrophysiological markers of cognitive activity in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. P300 potentials were examined in thirty patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and in 30 healthy subjects of the control group. P300 was recorded using the classic auditory oddball paradigm, with 20% of target and 80% of non-target stimuli. The results analysis showed a significantly longer latency P300 and reduced amplitude P300 in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism compared to euthyroid subjects. There is also a statistically significant negative correlation between the results of a mini mental state examination and the P300 latency at Fz electrode (r= -0.47, p <0.01) and Cz electrode (r= -0.43, p =0.017). P300 ERP is important in the evaluation of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, due to the sensitivity in the detection cognitive disorders.

One of the best-studied responses of cognitive evoked potentials is a so-called “P300”, the late positive wave complex that occurs about 300-500 ms after the stimulus. It is obtained when the subject’s attention is focused on a signal that is rare, especially if the signal has a motivational or emotional meaning. In the study of P300 potential, we followed the variations of potential amplitude and latency, so the objective was to examine whether there is a difference in Fz and Cz amplitudes of auditory induced cognitive evoked P300 potential depending on the performance of oddball tasks, both in male and female subjects. The study included 60 subjects (30 female respondents and 30 male respondents). P300 potential is induced by the auditory "oddball" paradigm with 80% of non-target and 20% of target stimuli that are presented to the patient through headphones. The target tones are high tones of 2000 Hz. The standard, 1000 Hz tones the respondent should ignore but when he hears the target tones the respondent should press the button on the special handle. The value of Fz and Cz amplitudes both in male and female subjects obtained in the classical "oddball" paradigm when the subject reacted to the signal by pressing the key with the dominant (right) arm were statistically significantly lower (p>0,05) than the values of Fz and Cz amplitudes obtained when the key was pressed by the non-dominant hand. Based on this experiment it can be concluded that both in male and female subjects the performance of oddball tasks does not affect the amplitude of P300 cognitive evoked potentials.

Uloge endotelina u kardiovaskularnoj fiziologiji i patofiziologiji od njegovog otkrića do danas su neosporne. U srcu endotelini su značajni za procese razvoja, rasta i remodelovanja kao i za kontrolu kontraktilnosti i ritmičnosti. Srčane endotelne ćelije u endokardu i miokardnim kapilarima predstavljaju glavni izvor endotelina, a kardiomiociti su njihova primarna meta. Endotelin-1 je jedna od najpotentnijih poznatih supstanci sa pozitivnim inotropnim efektom, stoga endotelini imaju ključnu ulogu u srčanoj endotelno-miokardnoj interakciji. Endotelini su familija peptida od 21 amino kiseline koju čine endotelin-1, endotelin-2 i endotelin-3. Ostvaruju svoje efekte aktivacijom endotelinskih receptora, ETA i ETB, koji pripadaju familiji receptora vezanih za G proteine. ETA i ETB receptori su gusto distribuirani na kardiomiocitima, ćelijama provodnog sistema srca, koronarno vaskularnim i endokardno endotelnim ćelijama. U fiziološkim uslovima mesto sinteze endotelina su endotelne ćelije ali u patofiziološkim uslovima i veliki broj neendotelnih ćelija u srcu. Endotelin-1 ima pozitivno hronotropno i inotropno dejstvo. Administracija ET-1 uzrokuje koronarnu vazokonstrikciju, dovodi do ishemije miokarda i letalne ventrikularne aritmije. U akutnom infarktu miokarda ET-1 povećava miokardnu nekrozu i aritmije ali ima povoljan efekat na oporavak srca nakon infarkta u početnoj fazi remodelovanja srca. ET-1 preokreće acidozom indukovan negativan inotropan i luzitropan efekat, bez povećanja intracelularnog kalcijuma. Endotelin može da se suprotstavi aritmogenim efektima kateholamina. Tako, male koncentracije endotelina imaju protektivni efekat na srce. Osnovne indikacije za primenu antagonista endotelina jesu srčana insuficijencija, plućna hipertenzija i rezistentna arterijska hipertenzija. Dobro i pažljivo dizajnirane kliničke studije su potrebne za verifikaciju terapeutskih potencijala novih klasa lekova u kardiovaskularnoj medicini.

Osteoporoza se definiše kao sistemski skeletni poremećaj sa smanjenom koštanom masom i mikroarhitekturalnim oštećenjem koštanog tkiva. Faktori rizika su pojave koje znatno menjaju očekivani apsolutni rizik, odnosno verovatnoću pojave bolesti u odredjenoj populaciji. Starenje i pušenje su najčešće navodjeni faktori rizika za razvoj osteoporoze. Cilj našeg rada bio je da utvrdi najčešće prisutne faktore rizika za nastanak osteoporoze. U našem istraživačkom radu je obradjeno ukupno 88 bolesnika koji su podeljeni u dve grupe prema broju popušenih cigareta i dužini pušačkog staža. Rezultati su pokazali da faktori rizika: loše životne navike (pušenje i uzimanje kafe), su značajno zastupljeni kod pacijenata obolelih od osteoporoze. Kako bi smo blagovremeno sproveli lečenje, zaključili smo na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, da je potrebno aktivno tragati za faktorima rizika odgovornim za nastanak osteoporoze.

Ishrana je jedan od bitnih faktora koji može da dovede do ranijeg gubitka koštane gustine. Unos dovoljne količine voća i povrća, koje sadrže različite karotenoide (karoten, uključujući beta (ß)-kriptoksantin, lutein, likopen, ß-arotin, astakantin i rutin), ima podsticajnu ulogu u osteogenezi. Eksperimenti in vitro ukazuju da jedan od karotenoida, ß-kriptoksantin, ima dvostuku ulogu u homeostazi koštanog tkiva : inhibiše osteoklaste i na taj način smanjuje reapsorpciju koštanog tkiva, a sa druge strane stimulativno deluje na osteoblaste i uvećava koštanu gustinu. Cilj našega rada je bio da utvrdimo da li postoji korelacija između nivoa koštane gustine i nivoa karotenoida. Uradili smo ostodenzitometriju kod 52 žene, izmerili smo ukupni skor karotenoida u ljudskoj koži in vivo pomoću Ramanove spektroskopije. Nakon obrade dobijenih podataka našli smo značajnu negativnu korelaciju između stepena gubitka koštane gustine i nivoa karotenoida (p<0,05). nivoa karotenoida u koži (Skin carotenoid scor) je posledica oksidativnog stresa koja ima reperkusije i na koštano tkivo jer dolazi do povećanja reapsorpcije koštanog tkiva i do povećanja stepena gubitka koštane gustine.

The pseudoarthrosis is a pathological state of the bone when the refracted bone fragments are not connected by bone callus. The causes for the occurrence of the pseudoarthrosis may be general and lokal.In treatment we were using two methods: the bone plastic and osteosynthesis and compression osteosynthesis by Ilizarov. The aim of this work is the analysis of patients with pseudoarthrosis and results of treatment. The study included 29 patients treated for the past ten years the Department of Orthopedics Health Center Z.C.Kosovska Mitrovica.The most frequently pseudoarthrosis were in humerusu 6 (21%), ulna 6 (21%) and skafoidne bone 6 (21%). The pseudoarthrosis in tibia was treated in 4 (14%) patients, in the femur 3 (10%) patients. 2 (7%) of the patients were operated with diagnosis the medial-maleolus pseudoarthrosis of the tibia fractures and 1 (3%) patient were operated with diagnosis the maleolus pseudoarthrosis of the fibula and of the radius.We were using the treatment methods osteoplastic and osteosynthesis for 28 (97%) patients and one patient was treated with the device by Ilizarov method. Patients were monitored by the clinical way, by the radiographic way ,by laboratory way and by the functional way The average time of the monitoring was ten months .The average time of the healing was the five months. We noticed the one complications only, a lesion of the radius, which is repaired. The pseudoarthrosis is not common, in our material it is 4% of the total number of the operated patients.The most frequently pseudoarthrosis was on humerous 21% (6 patients). By applying the compressive osteosynthesis methods and osteoplastic method we have achieved the completely curring in 89% (26 operated patients). 

The combination of aspirin and ticlopidine has been proven to reduce the frequency of haemorrhagic and vascular complications after coronary artery stenting, but also can cause serious hematological side effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and interactions aspirin and ticlopidine on hematological variables. Thirty two Wistar rats were divided in four groups and they received intraperitoneal one of the following treatments for 4 days: group I - control, group II aspirin (50 mg/kg BM), group III - ticlopidine (125 mg/kg/day) and group IV - aspirin+ticlopidine combination (50 mg/kg/day+125 mg/kg/day). Hematological variables were determined at once after taking the sample of blood. Relationship between measured variables was determined by calculating linear correlation coefficient (r). The hematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cell were significantly decreased in group treated with aspirin+ticlopidine combination compared to control (p< 0,05). Neutrophil and platelet count weren't significantly different in treated groups, but were slightly decreased in groups treated with ticlopidine and aspirin+ticlopidine combination. Between hematocrit and platelet count in control group of rats was noticed negative and medium correlation (r=-0,41), in groups treated with ticlopidine and aspirin+ticlopidine combination positive and medium correlation (r=0,52; r=0,69). Based on obtained results it can be observed significant decreased hematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cell in group treated with aspirin+ticlopidine combination. The negative correlation between hematocrit and platelet count in control group becomes positive after the treatment with ticlopidine alone and aspirin+ticlopidine combination.

Event-related potential which represents a large positive wave which varies in amplitude and depends on subject's capability as well as on stimulus modality on which subject needs to react and appears around 300 ms after stimulation is called event related potential P300. In 1965. Sutton and the assistants were the first to suggest division of evocated potentials, according to the stimulus that provoke them, on "exogenous" (under the influence of exogenous stimulus) and "endogenous" or "cognitive" provoked by endogenous stimulus, which depends on the state of consciousness (vigilance), attention, concentration and especially, the type of the task a subject needs to perform during the recording. One of the most studied responses of the event-related potentials is so called "P300", the late positive wave complex which appears around 300 500ms after the stimulus. It is gained when the subjects' attention is focused on the signal which rarely appears, especially if the signal has some emotional or motivational meaning. The aim of this work was to determine whether there was a difference in latency and amplitude of the event related potential P300 when the button is pushed with dominant hand compared with nondominant hand in both males and females. The experiment included 30 subjects (15 males and 15 females). P300 potential was provoked with the auditive "oddball" paradigm. Event-related potencial P300 is recorded with 10-20 system. Cz electrode is set in the middle of nazion-inion line, while Fz electrode is set on the third of nazion-inion line above frontal lobe. In classical "oddball" paradigm, when a subject reacted on the signal by pushing the button with dominant hand, the value of Fz end Cz latency was significantly shorter in comparison to the values of Fz end Cz latency gained by pushing the button with non-dominant hand (left hand) in males, while such differences were not found in females. 

A combination of aspirin and ticlopidine has been proven to reduce the frequency of haemorrhagic and vascular complications after coronary artery stenting. Also, ticlopidine is often associated with hyperbilirubinemia and abnormal liver function test values. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlations between biochemical variables (serum total cholesterol levels, total bilirubin concentration, serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine- ALT and aspartate- AST aminotransferases) of aspirin and ticlopidine administered alone and in combination. The experiment was conducted on white laboratory rats, type Wistar. Thirty-two rats were divided in four groups and they received one of the following treatments for three days: group I - control, saline (1 ml/kg, i.p.); group II - aspirin (50 mg/kg/day i.p.); group III - ticlopidine (125 mg/kg/day i.p.) and group IV - aspirin+ticlopidine combination (50 mg/kg/day+125 mg/kg/day i.p.). Biochemical variables were determined at once after taking the sample of blood. Relationship between two measured variables was determined by calculating linear correlation coefficient (r). Between total cholesterol level and AST activity in control group of rats was noticed negative and low correlation (r=-0,27); in group treated with aspirin negative, high and significant correlation (r=-0,86); in group treated with ticlopidine negative and low correlation (r=-0,24); and in group treated with aspirin+ticlopidine combination positive, high and significant correlation (r=0,79). Between other investigated variables were not noticed significant correlation in all treated groups. Based on obtained results it can be noticed that negative correlation between serum total cholesterol level and AST activity in control, aspirin and ticlopidine groups becomes positive and significant only after the treatment with aspirin+ticlopidine combination.

Nowdays, reaction time is most often used in data processing as a quantitative method and technique for information step and speed processing. The aim of this investigation was to examine everyday work pressure on reaction time nd among students. An examination included 30 students of 2 year of Medicine Faculty 15 males and 15 females. Audible and visual simple reaction time as well as choice reaction time for 2, 4 and 6 stimuli was used for reaction time measurement. Measurements were done three times a day. Achieved results acknowledge statistically significant improvement of reaction time at noon compared to reaction time in the morning in all samples except for visual simple reaction time for male students. For all kinds of stimuli, reaction time were significantly prolonged in the evening in both groups. Therefore, we have concluded that morning activities had positive impact on students functional condition but afternoon activities acted like an additional stress that altered students latent fatigue to clearly observable acute fatigue.