In the region of the thorax there are ten till twelve ganglia (ganglia thoracica); wich are white; triangle and irregular shape; rarely fusiform (spindle-shaped) or round. In the upper part of the thorax; ganglia are located in front of of the neck of ribs (collum costae); and in the middle part they are in front of head of ribs (caput costae). In the lower parts; they are near the vertebral bodies; therefore both of the trunks are slightly convergent. In this part; there are no branches which connected both sides of the sympathetic trunk. Lipofucin is yellow-brown; autofluorescent pigment; accumulated during aging in the lysosome of postmitotic cells; such as neurons.

The origin of ophthalmic artery (OA) and surrounding structures was investigated in 25 cadavers by three different methods: macroscopic, stereomicroscopic, and histological observations. The following results were obtained. In 42% of the specimens the origin of the OAwas observable in the cranial cavity and defined as the intradural type, running alongside the optic nerve within the subarachnoid space. The other 58% were named the extradural type of the OA, originated within the cavernous wall or cavity, and entered directly the optic dural sheath, thus no part of the OA was visible in the cranial cavity. OApassed through the optic canal within the dural sheath of the optic nerve. In 44% of our specimens the OAwas on the inferomedial side of the optic nerve at the entrance point to the optic canal. OAleft the optic canal at its lateral border in the apex of the orbit in 72% of our specimens. For descriptive purposes the intraorbital course of the ophthalmic artery has been divided into three parts. The first part usually runs along the infero lateral aspect of the optic nerve. The second part crosses over (in 88%) or under the optic nerve running in a medial direction. The third part extends medially to its termination. These anatomical data may provide important information for understanding the variety of the pathology in this region and is also useful for designing operative strategies.

Old age can be defined as a variety of changes in structure and function which begin at the stage of reproductive maturity, and that changes are manifested as a lesser ability of adaptation and lesser way of defending from the influence of outside and inside factors. Neurons of sympathetic trunk, as well as the other neuron cells, are changeable during the life. Neurobiological, old age begins at the time of birth, because the number of neurons is not increasing, it's only getting lower, which means that neurons are post mitotic cells. The process of old age is increased with some degenerative changes at some diseases and its hard to know what belongs to, so called, physiologic way of getting old and what is pathologic. Concentration of lipofuscin in cells (pigment of old age), is the parameter for physiologic old age of a person. Concentration is changeable, and it depends from the tissue or the organ, concentration is controlled by the internal regulatory factors and the factors of environment as the way of nutrition, physical activity, stress and hygienic factors.