Dijabetesna retinopatija je najčešća mikrovaskularna komplikacija šećerne bolesti i jedna je od vodećih uzroka slepila kod odraslih uzrasta 20-74 godina. Učestalost mikrovaskularnih komplikacija dijabetesa je jasno povezana sa trajanjem dijabetesa, kvalitetom metaboličke kontrole i sistolnim krvnim pritisakom. Cilj rada bio je da se utvrdi incidencija i odrede karakteristike faktora rizika za razvoj retinopatije kod bolesnika sa dijabetesom tip 2. Studija je obuhvatila 100 ispitanika sa dijabetes melitusom tip 2, prosečne starosti 61,95±3, 98 godina. Pacijenti su podeljeni u dve grupe: pacijenti sa dijabetesom tip 2, na terapiji oralnim antidijabeticima, činili su grupu I, pacijenti sa dijabetesom tip 2 na kombinovanoj terapiji činili su grupu II. Analizirali smo anamnestičke podatke, stil života i porodičnu istoriju, štetne navike pre svega pušenje. Od kliničkih karakteristika utvrđena je telesna masa, visina, obim struka, arterijski pritisak, urađene su standardne biohemijske analize. Dijagnoza dijabetesne retinopatije postavljena je na os- novu modifikovane Međunarodne klasifikacije retinopatija. Ispitanici studijske grupe II, imali su statistički značajno duže trajanje bolesti u odnosu na ispitanike kontrolne grupe (p<0,001). U odnosu na antropometrijske karakteristike, ispitivane grupe se statistički nisu razlikovale (ITM, 27,28±8,28kg/m2 vs 28,72±5,75 kg/m2; t-1,306, a p=0,197, obim struka 95,70±12,96cm vs 94,58±12,96cm). Srednje vrednosti sistolnog krvnog pritiska u studijskoj grupi II bile su 144,50±27,37 a dijastolnog 86,30±11,08 mmHg, a u grupi koja je bila na oralnim hipoglikemicima 137,00±27,37mmHg za sistolni a dijastolnog 83,11 ±10,08 mmHg, r-0,00, p=1,00, nije bilo statistički značajne razlike među grupama. Bolesnici studijske grupe II nisu imali značajno veće vrednosti holesterola (6,02±1,59 vs 5,73± 1,29mmol/L; p=0,501), LDL holesterola (3,75±1,35 vs 3,94±1,21mmol/L; p=0,55), HDL holesterola (1,14±0,61 vs 1,02±0,27mmol/L; p=0,005), glikemije (10,2±8,15 vs 9,2±1,4mmol/L; p=0,183), u odnosu na grupu I, dok su vrednosti triglicerida su bile značajno veće (2,49±2,03 vs 2,00±1,22mmol/L; p=0,01). Poređenjem vrednosti HbA1c, statistički značajna razlika nije ustanovljena (8,8% vs 7,8%; t-2,946, p=0,009). Faktori rizika za razvoj retinopatije kod pacijenata sa dijabetesom tip 2 bili su značajno zastupljeni u obe ispitivane grupe.

Oxidative stress and associated oxidative damage are mediators of vascular injury and inflammation in many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, diabetes. Xanthine oxidoreductase is one of the enzymes producing free radicals in the cardiovascular system, and it can contribute to the increment of the oxidative stress and, consequently, blood pressure. The xanthine oxidase is a molybdoenzyme capable of catalyzing the oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine in the process of purine metabolism. Xanthine oxidase can exist in two interconvertible forms, either as xanthine dehydrogenase or xanthine oxidase. The aim of the paper was investigate the activity xanthine oxidoreductase in the plasma patients with age related cataract, with hypertensive, and with heart failure. Clinical and biochemical researches were carried out in 73 patients with age related cataract, mean age 72±7 years, divided into group with hypertensive (N=35), with heart failure (N=22) and group normotensive and without heart failure (N=16). Plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the formation of uric acid from hypoxanthine at 293 nm. The concentration of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C in plasma were determined. Our findings show a significantly increased activity xanthine oxidoreductase in plasma hypertensive patients (XO 9.18±1.5 U/L) (p< 0.001) and patients with heart failure (XO 10.44±1.53U/L) (p< 0.001), compared with values plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity in normotensive and patients without heart failure (XOD 6.02±1.4 U/L). Concentrations of plasma TG, TC and LDL-C were elevated in groups with hypertensive and with heart failure, and we to find significant differences with group normotensive and without heart failure values. Elevated activity of plasma xanthine oxidoreductase contribute to the increasåd oxidative stress and may play a role in accelerated atherosclerosis. 

Seronegative arthropathy represents group of rheumatic diseases which affects younger patients, more often male. Ocular findings are numerous such as conjunctivitis, iridocyclitis, and they are a part of extraarticular clinical manifestations. Acute anterior uveitis, as most common ocular manifestation, could be a sole or associated morbidity condition at the forme of systemic diseases.

Exudative age-related macular degeneration is leading cause of irreversible vision loss in developed countries. Subfoveal localisation of choroidal neovascular membrane is the most difficult form for treatment. At the last three years, the new group of agens well-known as anti-VEGF agens was approved for treatment of exudative AMD. In that purpose, intravitreally administrated agens is recommended. Efficacy and safety of anti-VEGF agens were proved in short-time follow up period.

Diabetic retinopathy, particularly diabetic maculopathy, are leading cause of visual loss in the world.Purpose: to estimate type of diabetic maculopathy in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Method: hospital based study. 118 patients with diabetic retinopathy underwent complete ophthalmologic examination ( mean age 58,1 years, male 78, female 40; 7% were diabetes type 1 patients; 46% had nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and 54% had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Results: 88 patients (74% of all) had diabetic maculopathy. The most common type of diabetic maculopathy was diffuse (60% of all patients ), afterward focal (33% patients) ischemic maculopathy (both with PDR) had two patients (3%) and five patients had mixtus (7%) . Conclusions: diffuse diabetic maculopathy is the most common type of maculopathy both in NPDR and PDR

Visual acuity in the patients who suffered from end stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) treatment is essential prerequisite of good life quality. PURPOSE: to evaluate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment at the patients on HD. METHOD: 71 patients on HD were assessed with this study. The main outcomes were best corrected visual acuity and primary cause of visual impairment. RESULTS: statistical significance obtained for the followed refraction errors: 42 % of patients had hyperopia (p<0.000; 95% CI 0.36-0.48) and 15% of them myopia (p=0.030; 95% CI 0.11-0.19) as well as low vision (amblyopia) at 6% (p=0.024; 95%CI 0.03-0.09). CONCLUSION: it's necessarily to provide regular monitoring of all patients on HD. Prevalence of refractive errors and visual impairment is more often among patients on HD then on general population

Transition of xenobiotics from blood into brain tissue is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a very selective functional barrier that excludes penetration of various substances, while allowing essential nutrients to enter into CNS. Transport of drugs through the intact BBB depends of their physico-chemical characteristics, the way of drug application and of anatomical and functional integrity of the barrier. The aim of this work was to examine penetration of quinine and lysinacetylsalicilate in vivo through the rat BBB, after the intraarterial injection via the a. axillaris in the course to CNS. The
experiment was done on anaesthetized Wistar rats, body weight 200-300 g. Test animals received injection of quinine (25 mg/kg) or LAS (90 mg/kg). Blood from the left jugular vein and brain samples (brain stem, cerebellum, right and left cerebral hemispheres) were taken in four minutes period. Quinine concentrations in rat brain were higher than in blood (ratio between blood/brain concentration was <1) while LAS concentrations in blood were permanently higher, according to their liposolubility. Maximal concentration in the brain tissue of both drugs are time dependent which indicated the useness of an active transport

Ocular changes at the patients on dialysis are numerous but unique,too. They are caused by primary end-stage renal disease, influence of dialysing itself and regular co-morbid condition. Purpose of this study is to indicate specific ocular finding among patients who are on dialysis. This prospective study assessed 81 patients on regular, chronic dialysis. They underwent complete ophthalmologic examination. The most common findings were the following: conjunctival calcification (53 eyes), cataract (43 eyes) and retinal microangio-pathies(atherosclerotic, hypertensive and occlusive-in total 168 eyes). All findings mentioned above were statistically significant (p<0. 001) regarding to normal population. Ophthalmologist must be familiar with those abnormalities what is necessary for pointing out on special systemic co-morbid condition at the patients on dialysis.

Seronegative arthropathy represents group of rheumatic diseases which affects younger patients, more often male. Ocular findings are numerous such as conjunctivitis, iridocyclitis, and they are a part of extraarticular clinical manifestations. Acute anterior uveitis, as most common ocular manifestation, could be a sole or associated morbidity condition at the forme of systemic diseases

In average 2% cases cause of blindness are mechanical injuries of the eye. This retrospective study was conducted in a 6 years period (from 1990 to 1995). Regarding to demographic data (74% were male with domination of children up to 6 years old of among age structure 151 patients, or 23%;The most numerous were pupils and students (247 or 37%).1% of patient were injured both eyes in the same time. The most common cause of eye trauma was wood (28%) and during the playing time (48%) and at home (27%). At 25 patients evisceration and enucleation were performed. Visual acuity was satisfied or good at 52% patients at the reception but on admission result was better: 68%