Exudative age-related macular degeneration is leading cause of irreversible vision loss in developed countries. Subfoveal localisation of choroidal neovascular membrane is the most difficult form for treatment. At the last three years, the new group of agens well-known as anti-VEGF agens was approved for treatment of exudative AMD. In that purpose, intravitreally administrated agens is recommended. Efficacy and safety of anti-VEGF agens were proved in short-time follow up period.

Diabetic retinopathy, particularly diabetic maculopathy, are leading cause of visual loss in the world.Purpose: to estimate type of diabetic maculopathy in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Method: hospital based study. 118 patients with diabetic retinopathy underwent complete ophthalmologic examination ( mean age 58,1 years, male 78, female 40; 7% were diabetes type 1 patients; 46% had nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and 54% had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Results: 88 patients (74% of all) had diabetic maculopathy. The most common type of diabetic maculopathy was diffuse (60% of all patients ), afterward focal (33% patients) ischemic maculopathy (both with PDR) had two patients (3%) and five patients had mixtus (7%) . Conclusions: diffuse diabetic maculopathy is the most common type of maculopathy both in NPDR and PDR

Visual acuity in the patients who suffered from end stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) treatment is essential prerequisite of good life quality. PURPOSE: to evaluate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment at the patients on HD. METHOD: 71 patients on HD were assessed with this study. The main outcomes were best corrected visual acuity and primary cause of visual impairment. RESULTS: statistical significance obtained for the followed refraction errors: 42 % of patients had hyperopia (p<0.000; 95% CI 0.36-0.48) and 15% of them myopia (p=0.030; 95% CI 0.11-0.19) as well as low vision (amblyopia) at 6% (p=0.024; 95%CI 0.03-0.09). CONCLUSION: it's necessarily to provide regular monitoring of all patients on HD. Prevalence of refractive errors and visual impairment is more often among patients on HD then on general population

Ocular changes at the patients on dialysis are numerous but unique,too. They are caused by primary end-stage renal disease, influence of dialysing itself and regular co-morbid condition. Purpose of this study is to indicate specific ocular finding among patients who are on dialysis. This prospective study assessed 81 patients on regular, chronic dialysis. They underwent complete ophthalmologic examination. The most common findings were the following: conjunctival calcification (53 eyes), cataract (43 eyes) and retinal microangio-pathies(atherosclerotic, hypertensive and occlusive-in total 168 eyes). All findings mentioned above were statistically significant (p<0. 001) regarding to normal population. Ophthalmologist must be familiar with those abnormalities what is necessary for pointing out on special systemic co-morbid condition at the patients on dialysis.

Seronegative arthropathy represents group of rheumatic diseases which affects younger patients, more often male. Ocular findings are numerous such as conjunctivitis, iridocyclitis, and they are a part of extraarticular clinical manifestations. Acute anterior uveitis, as most common ocular manifestation, could be a sole or associated morbidity condition at the forme of systemic diseases

In average 2% cases cause of blindness are mechanical injuries of the eye. This retrospective study was conducted in a 6 years period (from 1990 to 1995). Regarding to demographic data (74% were male with domination of children up to 6 years old of among age structure 151 patients, or 23%;The most numerous were pupils and students (247 or 37%).1% of patient were injured both eyes in the same time. The most common cause of eye trauma was wood (28%) and during the playing time (48%) and at home (27%). At 25 patients evisceration and enucleation were performed. Visual acuity was satisfied or good at 52% patients at the reception but on admission result was better: 68%