Infections caused by viruses hepatitis B and C are one of the most severe problem in contemporary medicine. These viruses show high affinity to hepatocytes. The fundamental pathogenetic mechanisam which is responsible for hepatocyte damage, depends either on cytocidal effect of virus or immunological response of the infected host. The most common way of virus transmission nowdays is parenteralno, due to intravenous drug abuse, while earlier the blood transfusion was a more often the pathway of infection. Patients on chronical hemodialysis are at increased risk of HCV infection. The aim of our study was to determine the most common risk factors and pathways of HBV and HCV infection, as well as to assess the significance of the serological markers of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in risk groups of patients. The study was conducted at Institute for blood transfusion at Health Center of Kosovska Mitrovica, in the period from January 2000 until December 2015. ELISA test was performed for the confirmation of presence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in the blood. The results showed that the number of respondents increased significantly during the research period. Voluntary blood donors were significantly more represented than respondents who were referred by a physician. Average age of all seropositive? examinees in the study was 47,1 ± 18,1 years (range from 8 – 79 years). HBV seropositivity was significantly more present compared to HCV seropositivity. The highest incidence of HBV and HCV infection was recorded in the working age population, between 40 and 50 years of age. Analyzing the data of the way of infection transmission, most patients reported an unknown pathway of infection (39%). The second most common way of infection transmission was hemodialysis (28.4%), while the intravenous drug abuse was noted in 13,4% of patients. We can conclude that the implementation of regular screening and timely prevention, as well as the education program of the population can be helpful in reducing the number of patients with HBV and HCV infection

INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infections are one of the most common infections in young children. Febrile conditions in young children, without specific clinical signs and symptoms are often the result of ITU. Usually later diagnosed and treated. The most common cause of ITU is Escherichia coli. The main problem in the treatment of ITU is increasing resistance to antibiotics. AIM: To point out all the frequent resistance to antibiotics and to compare the frequency of the experimental periods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study in the period of 2010-2015. Urine samples for microbiological examination were taken before switching on antibiotics. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software. RESULTS: In our study found 183 patients with a diagnosis of ITU. Somewhat higher percentage were present, patients were female. The highest resistance to ampicillin was found in our results in the time period is 5 years, found a drop resistance Amoxicilin and Amoksiklav. DISCUSSION: Our results showed a strong similarity with the works on the same theme, which is Escherichia coli, the most common cause of ITU in young children. ITU are represented within the female population. CONCLUSION: It is important to continuously monitor the representation of urinary tract infections as well as their sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs, because of the increasing presence of the bacterial resistance to existing antibiotics.

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus is primarily hepatotropic, causing chronic hepatitis B in 5-10% of patients. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is a dynamic process, which may have five phases: immunotolerant, immunoactive, latency phase, reactive and HBsAg negative phase. Aim: Analyze clinical and biochemical parameters in relation to morphological condition of the liver. Material and Methods: The study enrolled 35 patients diagnosed with CHB, 24 males and 11 females, aged between 12 and 62 years, in the period 2015-2016. The diagnosis was based on serological, biochemical results, and liver biopsy. In patients in an ELISA assay demonstrated the presence of HBsAg in serum. Results: The study shows that middle-aged male patients are more prone to chronic hepatitis B infection. Most patients have one or two symptoms.Fatigue and right subcostal pain are most commonly present in the groups with fibrosis in second- and third-degree,and hepatomegaly in the group with fibrosis in first-degree. Splenomegaly is present only in groups with fibrosis in third and fourth degree. Elevated average aminotransaminase levels reflected the degree of fibrosis. Significant statistical difference in aminitransaminase levels was confirmed between the group of patients with third- and forth-degree and patients without fibrosis. Conclusion: The increase in ALT levels reflect the degree of fibrosis and cirrhosis of the occurrence. ALT levels may be a predictor of the process of the fibrogenesis, as well as to indicate the degree of fibrosis in HHB infection. Due to frequent discrepancies between clinical manifestations and results of laboratory tests, liver biopsy has been considered “gold standard” for establishing the diagnosis, staging chronic hepatitis B, making therapeutic decisions, monitoring the course of the disease, and assessing prognosis.